1.b. Current patterns of international migration are related to global patterns of socio-economic development.

Question 1

What are 3 motivations for Polish migrants to move to the UK?

Answer 1

English is spoken as the second language of many other countries, so it is easier for migrants to move to an English-speaking nation.

Technological advances and budget travel makes migration achievable for more people.

Pay is considerably higher.

Better healthcare.

Increased quality of life.

Question 2

What jobs do Polish migrants do within the UK?

Answer 2

Construction work that is unskilled. Building work is usually hard labour so locals are less inclined to apply.

Agricultural jobs that are equally as hard in labour but basic in skills. These are largely seasonal.

Question 3

What percentage of Polish migrants were working full time in the UK as of June 2006?

Answer 3

97% of Polish migrants were working full time as of June 2006.

Question 4

What are the top 3 largest occupations for Polish workers in the UK in 2006?

Answer 4

Packers, warehouse and operatives.

Question 5

What are 3 benefits that Polish migrants have if they move to the UK?

Answer 5

The UK has a skills shortage, for example in dentistry and plumbing, and need workers in key industries such as construction and agriculture. Gaps in labour market are filled.

Migrants will do jobs that the locals refuse to do. This benefits the UK as migrants are more willing to do a wider range of jobs e.g. picking fruits and vegetables.

Creates a bad stigma around areas as there is overcrowding in council houses which leads to the degradation of buildings e.g. weak ceilings and leaks.

Larger cultures present. Tesco sells over 100 different lines of Polish food; the fastest growing ethnic-minority range ever launched.

Public libraries now stock Polish books and leaflets are in Polish; helping migrants to integrate.

Specialist language teachers have been recruited.
The Poles’ work ethic is admired by their employers and have taken many jobs that the indigenous population do not want. 61% said they hired Poles’ for their superior skills and only 16% because they were cheaper.

Question 6

What are 3 negatives for the UK, due to Polish migrants?

Answer 6

Migrants don’t understand local issues, e.g. bin collections - so this is angers locals and disrupts community systems.

A primary school in Peterborough collectively speaks over 24 languages, this is both challenging for staff who have to teach them, but also for the interpreters to constantly translate.

It is harder for smaller settlements to absorb significant numbers of migrants.

A weakened pound has coincided with a strengthening zloty, reducing the pay differential between the two countries and increasing the costs of living in the UK.

Question 7

What are 3 effects migration has had on Poland?

Answer 7

As most men arrive in the UK, the women must learn previously male dominant roles, such as officers in the fire department.

The women are much more likely to be employed as there are less men.

For the Euro 2012, the Polish city Gdańsk had to construct a stadium to host the tournament. However, this was challenging as most trained (skilled male) workers had moved West for better economic gain.

A survey carried out showed that roughly 300,000 Poles will permanently stay in the UK.

Polish citizens may move back and spread the economic gain in their country.

The National Bank of Poland estimates about £4 billion is transferred each year by Polish workers in the UK, (through remittances).

Question 8

What did the head of the Gdańsk City Council have to do?

Answer 8

The head of the Gdańsk City Council had to persuade Polish citizens to move back to Poland, but this was challenging as personal opportunities were 3x higher in the UK.

Question 9

What has Poland’s divorce rate done in 7 years? Why?

Answer 9

Poland’s divorce rate had doubled in just 7 years, this is due to the weakened long distance marriages and time spent away from home. Most Poles are Catholic, but the stigma of divorce has diminished. Also, women have become more use to an independent lifestyle.

Question 10

How many Poles (out of 1000) have moved to the UK? What age are they normally?

Answer 10

7 in 1000 Poles have moved to the UK, they are normally younger working people.

Question 11

How many migrants from Eastern European countries have moved to the UK?

Answer 11

More than 1 million migrants from Eastern European countries have moved to the UK.

Question 12

What happened to UK hospitals and surgeries due to the increase of Polish migrants? What did this mean?

Answer 12

Hospitals and surgeries are being overwhelmed with around 1000 more patients per clinic . This means longer waiting times than usual and more money being spent on interpreters. Added pressure is also placed on healthcare.

Question 13

In 2013, approximately how many Poles were living in the UK?

Answer 13

In 2013 there was approximately 660,000 Poles living in the UK.

Question 14

There is a close relationship between what 2 processes?

Answer 14

There is a close relationship between migration and development.

Question 15

What can migration and development be a positive process for?

Answer 15

It can be a positive process for stability, economic growth and socio-economic change.

Question 16

Inequalities in levels of development can be a cause of what? What does this have influence on?

Answer 16

Inequalities in levels of development can be a cause of migration. This has a major influence on direction and scale of migrant flows.

Question 17

What are remittances?

Answer 17

Private funds sent by migrants to non-migrant members of their family in their home country.

Question 18

Name 1 statistical measure for international migration, which is linked to developed?

Answer 18

Value of migrant remittances.

Question 19

What is HDI?

Answer 19

(Human development index), a composite index incorporating social and economic indices of life expectancy, education and GDP per capita. 1 = perfect, 0 = worst.

Question 20

What is GDP per capita?

Answer 20

The total value of all goods and services produced in a country divided by its population.

Question 21

Name 2 countries within the top 5 countries for highest HDI?

Answer 21

Germany

Australia

Norway

UK

USA

Question 22

Name 2 countries within the top 5 countries for lowest HDI?

Answer 22

Haiti

Gambia

Liberia

Republic of Mali

Togo

Sudan

Question 23

Name 2 countries within the top 5 countries for highest GDP%?

Answer 23

Australia

Norway

Argentina

UK

USA

Question 24

Name 2 countries within the top 5 countries for lowest GDP%?

Answer 24

Nepal

Haiti

Gambia

Liberia

Honduras

Question 25

What 2 main international organisations recognise the importance of migration for development?

Answer 25

International organisations such as the UN (United Nations) and the IOM (International Organisation for Migration) recognise the importance of migration as a key factor in development.

Question 26

What can international migration do for a country?

Answer 26

International migration can have a positive effect on stability, economic growth and development, for countries of origin (source country) and the destination country (host country).

Question 27

How can migration promote stability within and between countries?

Answer 27

Migrant remittances are a source of foreign exchange (economic stability).

Returning migrants have new morals.

Youthful migrants stabilise ageing populations.

Question 28

How can migration promote economic growth within and between countries?

Answer 28

GDP and task base of host boosted by active migrants.

Consuming migrants stimulate the economy.

Migrants fill jobs in the labour market.

Remittances stimulate consumption, household income.

Question 29

How can migration promote development within and between countries?

Answer 29

Skills and knowledge acquired by returning migrants.

Migrants create networks, this eases flows.

UN migration and development projects between partner countries.

Question 30

What are global migrations intrinsically related to? The transfer of resources is significant for promoting what?

Answer 30

Global migrations are intrinsically related to flows of money, ideas and technology. This transfer of resources is significant in promoting stability, economic growth and development.

Question 31

Describe ‘flows of money’.

Answer 31

Monetary transfers are seen in the billions of dollars sent worldwide as migrant remittances.

Flows of money have been made easier, more efficient and more secure by use of technology such as mobile money transfers.

Question 32

Describe ‘flows of ideas’.

Answer 32

Global migration leads to the diffusion of ideas, information and values, which can be transmitted back to the place of origin.

This includes ideas on family size, education and marriage (social remittances).

Values such as democracy and other norms of behaviour can flow between countries through social media use.

Question 33

Describe ‘flows of technology’.

Answer 33

Technology is increasingly important. It is used by NGO’s to access crises so that response can be where needs are greatest. They use ‘big data’ including mobile phone records and credit card transactions together with cartography, satellite imagery, field reports and ‘crowd sourced data’ from text messages, emails and tweets to conduct ‘ crises mapping’.

E.g. The use of smartphones and digital data collection to give access to numbers of urban internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Pakistan. Many IDPs flee to urban areas rather than established camps due to perception of increased economic and social opportunities. Data collected by surveys using smartphones are uploaded to an online database designed for automated analysis of about 400,000 urban IDPs so that the most vulnerable can be targeted for assistance.

Question 34

What are the ‘3 flows’?

Answer 34

The flows of money, ideas, and technology.

Question 35

How can inequalities be linked to unequal flows of money, people, ideas, and technology?

Answer 35

Origin country lose young citizens, causing economic spirals.

Educated migrants leave most, causing a ‘brain drain’.

Migration redistributes population, causing a fall in birth rates.

Remittances create inequality for families that don’t receive them.

Question 36

How can conflicts be linked to unequal flows of money, people, ideas, and technology?

Answer 36

Social conflict can isolate ‘newcomers’.

Immigrant populations can place pressure on services.

International borders: traffickers and illegal immigrants.

Question 37

How can injustices be linked to unequal flows of money, people, ideas, and technology?

Answer 37

Migrants are vulnerable to the violation of their human rights. (Poland: women up taking male roles due to the majority leaving for better economic gain).

Asylum seekers can be held in detention centres.

Many migrants want to go home, but this isn’t possible as it is too dangerous. (Myanmar refugees on the Thai-Malaysian border).

Question 38

Migrant flows are…

Answer 38

Spatially uneven

Question 39

What direction of migrations are most dominant?

Answer 39

Globally South-North and South-South migrations are dominant.

Question 40

Explain how the transfer of ideas and money are closely related to patterns of inequality in migration. Give examples.

Answer 40

The transfer of ideas and money are closely related to these patterns of inequality in migration, and tend to flows in the opposite direction, back to the place of migrant origin. E.g. In talent based immigration policies such as a Canada and USA it encourages flows of highly skilled migrants from LIDCs and EDCs, which leads to Contra flows of social and financial remittances back to the LIDCs and EDCs.

Question 41

What is a contra flow?

Answer 41

Refers to the movement of culture that runs counter to the traditional dominant-to-dominated (“West to rest”) cultural adaptation patterns. In a contra flow situation, cultural elements brought into a society by immigrants become accepted and popular among the society at large.

Question 42

In what 2 ways do inequalities restrict the effective management of conflicts and injustices that are linked to migration?

Answer 42

Access to technology in some countries is limited and reflects low levels of socio-economic development and infrastructure for ICT. E.g. Many LIDCs and EDCs lack the skilled human resources and computer forensic tools to analyse digital information or use maps and satellite imagery.

Government or military control of information and limited broadband speed affect the work of civilian relief organisations.
These inequalities restrict the effective management of conflict and injustices linked to migration.