2.a. Global migration patterns are influenced by a multitude of interrelated factors. Flashcards
Give 2 examples of inter-regional migration
China, India and Brazil to the USA
India, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Egypt to the Gulf States and Saudi Arabia
Outline the migration from China, India, and Brazil to the USA.
Highly skilled workers. Graduates in science, technology and maths.
Migrating for a better quality of life and higher salaries.
Outline the migration from India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Egypt to the Gulf States and Saudi Arabia
Economic migrants, work for large oil economies.
Migrating because of an increased demand for labour, higher wages, ease of returning formal remittances.
Give 3 examples of intra-regional migration
Asia: Myanmar to Thailand.
South America: Peru and Bolivia to the Southern Cone (e.g. Argentina, Chile, Paraguay).
EU: Poland to UK
Outline the migration within Asia: from Myanmar and Cambodia to Singapore, Malaysia, and Thailand.
Low skilled migrants, mainly are largely undocumented.
Seeking employment and higher wages.
Outline the migration within South America: from Peru and Bolivia to Argentina, Chile, and Paraguay (Southern Cone).
Working migrants.
Migrating for higher wages and labour opportunities. Ease of movement.
Outline the migration within EU: from Romania, Lithuania, Latvia, Portugal, and Poland to the UK.
Young workers with pre-planned economic jobs or taking low-skilled jobs.
Migrating to gain skills to then achieve prestigious positions in their country of origin.
Give an example of internal migration
India, China, Mexico and Brazil: from rural areas to urban areas
How many people have left rural areas to seek for work within China? (internal migration example)
160 million people have left rural areas to seek for work (12% of population).
The Chinese province Jiangsu has the same GDP as what European country? What about Zhejiang?
Jiangsu has the same GDP as Switzerland, Zhejiang has the same GDP as Austria.
Where is manufacturing moving within China? Why? (internal migration example)
Manufacturing is moving inland.
As more money is being made in central (urban) China, money is slowly trickling to rural areas.
By how much did China’s urban population rise by from 1978-1999? (internal migration example)
China’s urban population rose by around 222 million, 1978-1999.
How many cities in China have more than 1 million people? (internal migration example)
Around 160 cities in China have more than 1 million people.
In China, what job industry are most people being employed in? What are most leaving? (internal migration example)
People are being employed in manufacturing, people are leaving employment in agriculture.
Outline the migrants that partake in internal migration within China. (internal migration example)
The migrants are largely young individuals, most likely to be male, that are flexible with employment.
Why are people internally migrating within China? (internal migration example)
People left for higher wages, better living conditions.
In 1978, what did farmers earn each day? As a percentage, how much less is this than urban salaries? (internal migration example)
In 1978, farmers earned less than US$2 a day (40% less than urban salaries).
What are 2 negative aspects of the internal migration seen within China? (internal migration example)
Negative aspects of migration include separation of families and pollution problems from industrialisation.
What has the Chinese wealth gap done overtime? Why? (internal migration example)
Over time the wealth gap has closed due to more people earning more money.
In 1978, Shenzhen had a few 1000 people, how many did it have in 2010? (internal migration example)
In 1978, Shenzhen has seen a population rise from a few 1000 people to a city of 12 million people (2010).
What are the 3 main reasons for international migration by young workers?
Greater employment opportunities.
Higher wages.
Possibility of remittances.
In the United Arab Emirates (UAE) what are the most common types of jobs that migrants are needed for? Who are they most directed towards?
Fabricators.
Electricians.
Mechanics.
These jobs are mainly aimed at males.
What countries demand workers for oil production, in the Middle East?
UAE
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
By how much did foreign-born residents in UAE increased to, from 2000-2013?
Numbers of foreign born residents in UAE have increased dramatically in the 21st century from 2.45 million in 2000 to 7.83 million in 2013.
Who dominated work flows in young labour migration to the UAE? What did most work in?
Flows dominated by young males, with a high proportion working in construction.
How skilled are young labour migrants that arrive in the UAE? What level are most educated to?
The majority are low skilled, many not educated beyond primary level.
What percentage of migrants in the UAE were employed in health? What about educational sectors?
Only 3.6% of migrants were employed in health, and 2.6% in educational sectors.
In 2013, what percentage of all migrants in developed countries were female? What about in developed countries?
In 2013, 52% of all migrants in developed countries were female, 46% in developing countries.
Female participation in international migration exceeded that of men regionally in what 4 continents? What about the other 2?
Female participation in international migration exceeded that of men regionally in Europe, Latin America, North America and Oceania. The opposite happened for Africa and Asia.
What 3 countries have the highest percentage of females among international migrants? (2013)
Latvia
Estonia
Poland
What country had the lowest percentage of females among international migrants? (2013)
Bangladesh
2000-2010 tertiary educated women migrants in OECD countries increased by what percentage?
2000-2010 tertiary educated women migrants in OECD countries increased by 80%.
Emigration of female graduates and other highly skilled women was higher than that of highly skilled/ educated men from what 2 regions?
Emigration of female graduates and other highly skilled women was higher than that of highly skilled/ educated men for African and Latin American countries.
What 4 countries are the main destination for highly skilled female migrants? Why?
Main destinations include Canada, USA, UK and Israel. These are countries which have less discrimination in the labour market and better women’s right.
What does OECD stand for?
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
What does UNHCR stand for?
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
What does UNFPA stand for?
The United Nations Fund for Population Activities
What is the Brandt line?
Divides the ‘rich North’ from the ‘poor South’. Up until the early 21st century South to North migration always dominated.
What is the global north?
The ‘rich north’, broadly comprising Northern America and Europe, Israel, Japan and South Korea, as well as Australia and New Zealand.
What is the global south?
The ‘poor south’, a term that broadly comprises countries in the regions of Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, Asia (without Israel, Japan, and South Korea), and Oceania (without Australia and New Zealand). Most of the countries in the Global South are characterised by low income, dense population, and poor infrastructure.
South-South migration flows have increased significantly and were equal to all other flows combined in 2015 because of what 4 factors?
Globalisation.
Restrictive administration barriers for migrants from the South entering the North.
Large numbers of fast growing economics in the South, due to accessible employment.
Increased awareness of communications, so better social/ business networks.
What are 2 causes for south-south migration?
Labour migration/ jobs/ economic migrants.
Increase in refugees fleeing persecution or conflict.
What fraction of migrant remittances are sent through south-south corridors?
2/3 of migrant remittances are sent through South-South corridors.
What case study is used for intra-regional international migration within West Africa?
Burkina Faso to Ivory Coast
What case study is used for intra-regional international migration within ASEAN migrant corridors?
Myanmar to Thailand
Outline Thailand. (Case study for intra-regional international migration).
South East Asia’s fastest growing economy.
Needs migrants due to a shortage of labour in agriculture, fishing, manufacturing, construction and domestic services.
Outline Myanmar. (Case study for intra-regional international migration).
Most of the population lives below the poverty line.
Outline Burkina Faso. (Case study for intra-regional international migration).
Low income country
GDP: US$684/ capita.
560,000 Ivorians living in Burkina Faso.
Outline Ivory Coast. (Case study for intra-regional international migration).
GDP: US$1529/ capita.
1.46 million Burkina Faso residents living in Ivory Coast.
Why do people want to migrate from Burkina Faso to Ivory Coast? (pull factors)
Higher wages and other reasons for migration
Employment opportunities from coffee and cocoa plantations.
Opportunities for farming migrants as there is more fertile land in Ivory Coast.
Former French colonial administration in both e.g. same language, currency and cultural system.
What makes people migrate from Ivory Coast to Burkina Faso? (push factors)
Conflict in Ivory Coast has caused the migration.
What are 3 pull factors for Myanmar migrants to Thailand?
Higher pay.
Legal daily minimum wage of 300 baht (US$9), this is 10x the wages in Myanmar.
Geographically closer, cheaper to migrate and easier integration from same cultures.
Free flows of labour within newly formed ASEAN economic communities.
Refugees fleeing forced labour in government development projects. E.g. Railway construction as part of Myanmar’s economic reforms.
In 2015, what country provided the largest source of refugees due to war and conflict? What about the 3 decades before 2015?
In 2015, Syria provided the largest source of refugees due to war and conflict.
Before 2015 (last 3 decades), Afghanistan provided the largest source of refugees due to war and conflict.
What are the 3 main reasons for large numbers of refugees globally?
Effects of conflict.
Political persecution and the violation of human rights.
Economic hardships (forced labour and slavery).
What is an asylum seeker?
An asylum seeker is someone who seeks entry to a country by claiming that they are a refugee.
Those who aren’t can be sent home to their country.
What are refugees?
Refugees are people who must leave their country of origin to avoid danger, persecution or death.
What country is the largest recipient of refugees?
Turkey is the largest recipient of refugees.
What percentage of refugees live in the global south?
Of all refugees 87.2% live in the Global South.
How might a Syrian refugee get to Chad?
Arrive from West Sudan.
How might a Syrian refugee get to Malta?
Middle East and Africa stop over point.
When did the Syrian civil war begin?
2011
How many people has the Syrian civil war displaced? How many more internationally?
It has led to the displacement of 7.6 million people and a further 4.7 million international refugees.
Where do most refugees go to if their country of origin is experiencing war and conflict?
Refugees move a short distance to countries that share a border.
Name 3 reasons why Syrian refugees flee to countries that border Syria?
They are geographically close
They hope to return one day
Cheaper
They shared the same cultures
Give an impact that Syrian refugees have on neighbouring countries
1 in 5 people living in Lebanon is a Syrian refugee.
Lebanon has been so overwhelmed by Syrian refugees that in 2015 the Lebanese government imposed the need for an entry visa, whereas before movement was largely unrestricted.
Syrians seeking work must be sponsored by a Lebanese company or individual.
What are national migration policies designed to meet?
National migration policies are designed to meet the economic, social and political needs of a country.
Why do some countries in the developing world actively encourage emigration?
The country’s labour powered can be used to generate income elsewhere, then sent back through migrant remittances.
Enhance the skills of emigrants on return.
Encourage female led jobs within the origin country (mainly men emigrate).
A support system and social networks.
Some AC’s (such as UK, Australia, and Canada), use what system to meet labour shortages in certain sectors?
Some AC’s such as the UK, Australia and Canada use a points based system to meet labour shortages in certain sectors.
What case study example is use for emigration policies?
Pakistan
What case study example is use for immigration policies?
Canada
Outline Pakistan. (emigration policy case study).
Population of 196.1 million in 2014.
45% are aged under 20.
GDP per capita US$4736.
HDI of 0.537.
Outline Canada. (immigration policy case study).
Population of 35.1 million in 2013.
GDP growth rate 2.5%.
GDP per capita US$44,843.
HDI of 0.902.
Outline the Pakistani Government in relation to the emigration policy case study.
Pro-emigration.
In 2013, migrant remittances amounted to US$ 11.5 billion (the largest in the world). This is vital to the socioeconomic development of the country.
7 million Pakistanis work abroad. 96% of these are in Gulf Co-operation Council Countries (e.g. Saudi Arabia, Qatar).
Outline the Canadian Government in relation to the immigration policy case study.
Made changes to their immigration policy in January 2015 to address the skills gap in the labour market.
The new policy is aimed at attracting engineers, IT specialists and health care workers.
Potential migrants are ranked on a 1200-point system which enables young, highly skilled immigrants to be fast tracked.
Applicants in their 20’s receive maximum points for age, and graduates are also favoured.
In the short term, Canada has agreed to take 10,000 Syrian refugees over a three year period from 2015.
What does the Pakistan National Emigration Policy include in its requirement?
Ratification of UN conventions regarding rights of workers and protection of basic human rights.
Promotion of the export of Pakistani manpower abroad.
Positive steps to encourage female participation in overseas employment (currently on 0.12%).
Support for social networks and associations abroad.
Enhancement of the impact of economic remittances and skills of returning migrants.
What is bilateral migration?
Bilateral migration is the migrant flow between 2 countries.
Give an example of a very large and long standing bilateral corridor.
Mexico and USA
Give an example of a bilateral corridor that has been created in the last decade.
Between Sudan and South Sudan, which includes large numbers of refugees.
Other examples include Poland and UK, India and UAE.
The strong bilateral migrant corridors can be explained by economic, social and political influences. State 3.
Cost of travel (can be related to proximity).
Ease of access and communication between the 2 countries.
Efficiency and cost of sending remittances.
Effects of conflict and persecution.
Migration policy, including ascension to economic unions.
Former colonial influence such as language.
