2a.4 Foreign policy WW2 Flashcards
How did Mussolini react to Hitler’s announcement of invading Poland?
Nazi-soviet pact of 1939 August 23 directly contravened with anti-comintern pact
- grave concerns about Italy’s military position & was urged by many to avoid intervening
-Choice of neutrality was problematic as Mussolini had always linked fascism with aggression and militarism
What did Mussolini present to Hitler on August 26th
wish list for War:
- 170 million tonnes of goods (6 mill tonnes of coal, 2 mill tonnes of steel, 150 anti aircraft batteries and ammunition)
Hitler understood M’s position and released him from his role in the pact of steel on 27th August
How many people tried to convince Mussolini to not intervene in the war?
General Franco and Oliveira Salazar (Portuguese dictator)
Vatican, Ciano and King Victor Emmanuel III also pressured M not to intervene
Roosevelt sent his envoy asw
How did Mussolini feel about his neutrality in 1940?
called it ‘non-belligerence instead of neutrality ( felt too shameful)
March 1940: still unsure of who to side with but German capture of Holland and Belgium finalised Mussolini’s decision
- June 10th 1940: Mussolini announced that Italy had entered war on the side of Germany
What was the concept of parallel war?
Italy would concentrate o the Mediterranean basin and Hinterland and Northern Africa
Germans would focus on northern, eastern and central Europe
How did Italy’s advance into french alps cause problems?
June 20th Italians advanced but faced many issues:
- lack of proper clothing for an alpine war
-air force lacked bombs needed to destroy fortifications
- Mussolini insisted on using tanks in the awful terrain (wet and muddy)
Italy only managed to capture 13 unimportant towns at the cost of 631 men
What territory was lost in 1941?
M ordered partial demobilisation of Italian troops ( critical mistake)
- British counter in December 1940 caused Italians to fall into mass retreat (force of 250K Italians was defeated by 30K well equipped british troops
By May 1941, Italy had lost Eritrea, Somalia and Abyssinia
-380K surrendered and taken as POW
Who did Hitler send to assist M against the British invasion of Libya? What was the result by May 1943?
General Erwin Rommel (signalled end of parallel war concept as Hitler hoped Italian troops would do fighting, thus freeing up German soldiers
-by 1942 October, Italian + German troops were on retreat after defeat at el Alamein
May 1943: German Italian axis surrendered in North Africa
Why were the Italians proven to be useless in the Mediterranean?
M had no consistent strategy fir attacking key British position
- base at Malta/ Alexandria faced no sustained attack
- Italian navy was crippled by British air attack in Nov 1940
Poor communication between airforce and navy
- July 1940 bombed their own ships
- Italy lacked aircraft carriers
Disaster in Greece and underestimation of Greek
Italy launched an attack on Greece 28th October 1940
- not a focus for Italian territorial aims and was a disaster
M underestimated Greek troops ( thought only 30K so he sent only 60K)
- Greek army was over 300K strong and Bulgaria did not assist Italy
-lack of communication with navy or air force
- weather on 28th October caused uniforms to be disintegrated in rain
How much did Italy lose after the invasion of Greece 1940
500K soldiers deployed
- 32k died and over 100k wounded
M had to call Germany for help after 6 months ( defeated them in weeks)
Showed serious weakness of Italian regime and this undermined the faith that the Italians had in Fascism and Mussolini
- confirmed subservience to Hitler and Germans viewed Italians with contempt
What was war economy like for Mussolini?
Italy had not been prepared for war economically and military wise
- M held all key positions like minister of navy/airforce/war(very inadequate in any of those positions)
- M was unable to coordinate the navy, army and airforce/ transform economy to fulfil needs of war
state of Italian military during ww2
75 Divisions with barely adequate equipment for 35 of them
- lack of tanks and vehicles required for mechanised fighting (1/3 of tanks and 1/4 of artillery being supplied to Africa was destroyed in med)
Outdated rifles and canons (no radio and vary little oil in naval ships)
Outdated tactics, as they employed 19th century charges against enemy positions
What was production like for Italy during WW2
USA indsutry could produce more aircraft in a week than Italy could in a year
- Italy lacked raw materials and fuel ( imported 1.5 million tonnes of oil from Romania (half of what was required during peace times)
- 1 million tonnes of coal each month from Germany whilst Britain was producing 14 tonnes a year
Only 2550 vehicles a month in 1941 when in 1938 4883 vehicles were produced per month
Italy still had thousands of unemployed labourers whilst other countries were moving to the near 100% employment rate
Standard of living for Italians during ww2
1000 Calories a day for adults (severely lacking(
- coordination of food supplies were poor as food was rationed
- coffee became a luxury as some failed to pay for bread or pasta
- Heating, shoes and soap were in short supply
Political tensions in 1943 March strike
1943 March 5th 100k people went on strike in Turin
- demands for better pay so people could evacuate homes
-stopped when govt promised to increase money for evacuees
Which new anti-fascist groups emerged in 1943
Anti-fascist groups began to rise again:
- Illegal communist newspaper L’Unita reappeared
- Party of action= new party formed by republicans, radicals and liberals
-Catholic Action= led by Church backing
First time in Italian politics that Socialists, communists and catholics had agreed to work together
- showed the extent to which Mussolini’s regime was hated
Pressures faced by the nationalist elite in 1942
Vatican, military leaders, industrialist and even police began to consider deposing of Mussolini and removing Italy from the war
- M was a weakened figure, beset by illness and stress and had no plans for Italy’s future
Allied invasion of Sicily
13th May 1943: Axis troops surrendered to Allied force and occupied Tunisia
9th July 1943: Allied troops landed in Sicily where they faced little opposition from Italian forces & conquered West Sicily in a week
19th July: M met with Hitler to ask for more troops to assist but he was refused
- same day: allies bombed Rome for 2 hours, killing 1500 people
17th August: Allies had control of island and invasion had prompted his removal from power
Deposing of Mussolini
Plan began in 1942 when Dino Grandi and Galeazzo Ciano raised idea of seeking peace with allies (allies wanted Mussolini out of power)
- 1943 Grandi discussed with King about a new govt that would open up negotiations
Votes on the removal of Mussolini
16th deputation of Fascist convinced M to call a grand council meeting on 24TH July (everyone knew of the plan except M)
- Grandi’s resolution was passed by 19 votes to 7
- M was not worried as he believed the King would not remove him from his position
5am M met with the king who told him that he would be replaced by Marshall Badoglio as prime minister
What key issue did the Allies face after the removal of Mussolini?
King placed control under Marshal Badoglio who began negotiating terms of surrender
-3rd Sept 1943, promised allies all of Italy’s airfields, ports and give away entire navy and airforce
- guarantee allies with assistance of 60k troops based around Rome
However no order was given to Italian troops (thus troops were faced with confusion as they did not know whether they were allies or enemies with Germans)
- over 1 million POW
Why did Italians in the Greek islands suffer due to lack of communication?
1200 killed and 4800 captured Italians shot as punishment
- took 1 month to plan surrender= Germany was able to enter Italy
- Badoglio and King fled south towards allied forces (refused to give orders to Italian army)
- lack of direction= Rome was inadequately defended
How and When did Rome fall to the Allies?
9 months to capture Rome
- allied advance hampered by weather and Geography ( Apennine mountains rose over 10k feet so much fighting was done between mountains, valleys and ridges)
-4th June 1944 Rome fell to allies
What happened to Mussolini after he was removed as dictator?
Transferred to Prison in Gran Sasso
- 12th September 1943 rescued by German commandoes
- 13th September: Mussolini met with Hitler where he demanded M return to Italy at head of a new fascist govt ( if refused, Hitler would destroy Milan)
Mussolini and the Salo Republic
25th Sept: M returned to Italy to establish his capital in small town of Gargano on Lake Garda
- Germans ensured that govt bodies were spread out over 100 miles to stop govt from effectively working
- RSI Repbblica Sociale Italiana (Salo Republic)
Verona Manifesto: what was it?
14th Nov 1943: first congress held at Verona
- an attempt to take fascism back to its original form as proposed in the 1919 programme
- declared Judaism was a nationality and that all Jews were to be classed as enemies
- 12 Feb 1944: all private companies with more than 100 employees/ 1 million lire in capital would be managed by both workers and employees
Brutality of the Salo Republic
Jan 1944: 5 fascists arrested and sentenced to death
13 others were tried in absentia and given sentences
11 Jan 1944: executions were carried out
Around 7500 Jews taken from Italian camps and sent to Nazi death camps (7000 executed)
Salo Republic’s military force
New militia (National republican Guard GNR)
- recruited 140K men
-By start of 1944: RSI had army of 200K + navy of 20K + anti-aircraft service 50K
-Total of 573K soldiers
What was the German policy regarding German deaths?
for every german soldier killed, 10 italians would be executed
- Partisans attacked in March 1944 killed 33 german soldiers = 335 italians were executed
Who were the Italian Antifascist Partisans
irregular rebel fighters that took up arms against Germany
- made up of EX-soldiers, students and civilians
-82K involved in sabotage, political assassination and destruction of bridges and railways by 1944 June
What did the King create in the south?
royal govt of the Kingdom of the South
- client state, govt under allied occupation
-king kept the conservatives who held posts of prefects and podestas (they were strong enough to support monarchy and control social unrest)
How did conscription in the south fail in 1943?
Declaration of war against Germany Sept 1943 but King/ Badoglio made little effort to organise an italian fighting force
- Badoglio removed and replaced by Ivanoe Bonomi who tried to force conscription of 100K but largely resisted
- only 50K joined fight
Why did people not join the RSI?
1944 clear that germany was losing the war
majority simply tried to wait for allies to arrive
-Mussolini was seriously ill and was on the verge of physical collapse
April 1945 what happened?
Alliesh ad progressed to key areas of northern Italy
25TH: M met with partisan leaders to negotiate a surrender but ran away once he realised Germany had already began negoitations without informing him
27th: Partisans stopped convoy M was travelling across and captured him disguised as a German soldier
28th April: M was executed alongside 12 other fascists and bodies put on display at Piazzale Loretto (huge crowd attacked his body)
29th April: German command signed surrender documents and agreed on ceasefire for 1st May
May 2nd: War over
