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Praxis (7005) - Elem. Ed: Science > 2A2 Levels of Biological Organization > Flashcards

2A2 Levels of Biological Organization Flashcards

Learn about levels of biological organization: cells, tissues, organs, and systems.

1
Q

What is tissue?

A

A group of specialized cells that perform the same function and have a similar structure.

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2
Q

What is the study of tissues commonly known as?

A

Histology

Involves the study of tissues, involving their preparation, analysis, and examination under a microscope.

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3
Q

What are the four basic tissues in an animal body?

A
  • Epithelial tissue
  • Connective tissue
  • Muscular tissue
  • Nervous tissue

Each tissue type has distinct structures and functions, for example, epithelial tissue covers surfaces, while nervous tissue transmits signals.

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4
Q

What is epithelial tissue comprised of?

A

Sheets of epithelial cells that are in contact with each other.

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5
Q

What are the functions of epithelial tissue in the body?

A
  • Covering the external surfaces of the body.
  • Lining the internal cavities.
  • Forming and lining various organs and glands.
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6
Q

How are epithelial cells categorized based on their shape and layers?

A
  • Shape:
    • Simple squamous (single layer, flat cells)
    • Cuboidal (cube-shaped)
    • Columnar (taller than wide)
  • Layers:
    • Simple (one layer)
    • Stratified (multiple layers)
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7
Q

What is connective tissue made up of?

A

A matrix comprised of cells and extracellular material.

The extracellular material, also known as the extracellular matrix, includes fibers like collagen and elastic fibers, and a ground substance that can be fluid, gel-like, or solid.

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8
Q

What are the two types of connective tissue?

A
  • Dense connective tissue: thick, densely packed collagen fibers.
  • Loose connective tissue: loose, irregularly arranged fibers.
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9
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissues in animals?

A
  • Skeletal muscle (voluntary)
  • Cardiac muscle (involuntary)
  • Smooth muscle (involuntary)
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10
Q

What are the muscle fibers comprised of?

A

Two contractile protein filaments: actin and myosin.

These filaments interact to cause muscle contraction through a process called the sliding filament theory.

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11
Q

What type of control are smooth and cardiac muscle fibers under?

A

Involuntary control.

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12
Q

What are the two main parts of nervous tissue?

A
  • Central nervous system (CNS)
  • Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
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13
Q

What are the two contractile protein filaments found in myofibrils?

A
  1. Actin
  2. Myosin
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14
Q

What are the two major tissues in plants?

A
  • Meristematic tissue
  • Permanent tissue

Meristematic tissue is involved in plant growth.

Permanent tissue includes differentiated cells that perform specific functions.

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15
Q

What are the two categories of permanent tissues in plants?

A
  • Simple tissues
  • Complex tissues
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16
Q

What are the three tissue systems in plant permanent tissue?

A
  1. Dermal tissue
  2. Ground tissue
  3. Vascular tissue
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17
Q

What is the function of phloem in plants?

A

Transport food in a process called translocation.

Phloem primarily transports sugars and other metabolic products downward from the leaves.

18
Q

What is the function of xylem in plants?

A

Transports water in a process known as transpiration.

Xylem also transports mineral ions from the soil to the rest of the plant and provides structural support.

19
Q

What is an organ system?

A

A collection of organs working together toward a common goal.

Organ systems include multiple organs, but organs may be involved in more than one organ system.

E.g. The digestive system.

20
Q

What does the integumentary system include and what is its main function?

A
  • Includes: skin, nails, and hair.
  • Main function: Protect the body.
21
Q

What are the main components and functions of the skeletal system?

A
  • Components: bones, joints, and cartilage.
  • Functions: Provides structure, support, and facilitates movement.

Bones also produce blood cells and store minerals like calcium and phosphorus.

22
Q

What are the main components and functions of the circulatory system?

A
  • Components: heart, blood vessels, and blood.
  • Functions: Transport oxygen, nutrients, and remove waste.

The heart pumps blood through the blood vessels to the body.

23
Q

What is the main function of the respiratory system?

A

To carry out gas exchange.

Air enters the lungs through the nose and mouth and travels to the alveoli for gas exchange.

24
Q

What are the main components and function of the nervous system?

A
  • Components: brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
  • Function: Facilitates communication throughout the body.

The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS), with the CNS processing information and the PNS transmitting signals.

25
Q

What is the main function of the urinary/excretory system?

A

To remove metabolic waste from the body and regulate water homeostasis.

The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine.

26
Q

What is the main function of the digestive system?

A

To break down food and absorb nutrients into the bloodstream.

The digestive system includes organs like the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines.

Digestion involves both mechanical processes, like chewing, and chemical processes, like enzyme activity.

27
Q

What are the main components & function of the reproductive system?

A
  • Components:
    • In males: testes and penis.
    • In females: the ovaries, uterus, and vagina.
  • Function: Enables reproduction.

The reproductive system also includes structures and hormones that support the development of offspring.

28
Q

What is the main purpose of the lymphatic system?

A

Protects the body from pathogens and maintains fluid homeostasis.

29
Q

What is the function of the endocrine system?

A
  • Composed of glands that produce hormones that regulate body functions.
  • Maintains homeostasis between organ systems.
30
Q

How do body systems and functions interact?

A

They are interdependent and require coordinated communication.

31
Q

Give an example of interdependence between body systems.

A
  • Circulatory system moves blood from the body to the lungs.
  • Lungs remove carbon dioxide from the blood.
32
Q

What is the function of connective tissue?

A

Holds together parts of the body, provides structure and support.

33
Q

Why is histology important in medicine?

A

It helps identify normal and abnormal tissues, determine disease progression, and inform treatment strategies.

34
Q

What does the central nervous system (CNS) consist of, and what is its protective fluid called?

A

The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord, protected by cerebrospinal fluid.

35
Q

How do meristematic and permanent tissues differ in plants?

A
  • Meristematic tissues are involved in growth and division.
  • Permanent tissues are specialized for functions like photosynthesis and support.
36
Q

Define an organ.

A

A collection of tissues that complete a function inside of an organism.

E.g. the heart, lungs & brain

37
Q

How many organ systems are there in the human body?

A

11

38
Q

Why are organ systems important for homeostasis?

A

They maintain homeostasis by performing complex functions such as gas exchange, nutrient absorption, and waste removal.

39
Q

What are the main levels of biological organization from smallest to largest?

A
  1. Atom
  2. Molecule
  3. Macromolecule
  4. Cell
  5. Tissue
  6. Organ
  7. Organ system
  8. Organism
  9. Population
  10. Community
  11. Ecosystem
  12. Biosphere
40
Q

Define an organism.

A

A single entity of life that can reproduce, such as a plant, animal, or bacterium.

41
Q

Scientists have organized life into levels of biological organization. What is the smallest unit?

A

The atom.

Praxis (7005) - Elem. Ed: Science (36 decks)

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