2A.12 Threats to glaciated landscapes can be managed using a spectrum of approaches. Flashcards
Local governments use in managing the threats of glaciated landscapes - Zermatt Switzerland (Glacial) - Positives
Positives:
-Car free areas
-use of renewable energy - added 530 electric cars in and around areas in order to manage global warming emissions from carbon emissions.
-Water reused
-Wildlife sanctuaries
Revegetating plants – covered 85% of priority areas
Local governments use in managing the threats of glaciated landscapes - Zermatt Switzerland (Glacial) - Negatives
Negatives:
-Local scale
-Feared further degradation due to tourist numbers
-Conflict between tourists and local people
-Only on a local scale
Local governments use in managing the threats of glaciated landscapes - Sagarmatha national park - Positives and Challenges
Located in the Himalayas and uses a range of different stakeholders in it’s management. Especially through local people and NGO’s, Over 6,000 live there and regular committee meetings are held by local leaders. This ensures that local peoples ideas are respected and developed on. This is an example of local stakeholders. NGO’s for example the Sagarmatha pollution control committee who work on the limiting development of Sanboche airport as well as making sustainable resources in HEP in order to benefit the local area. The approach attempts to bring many different view points together however they are seen as difficult in order for all 6,000 local people to have a say and it is difficult for them to all agree. Suggesting it may not be an effective organisation as a whole.
Antarctic Treaty - advantages
Support from 60 + countries and shows effective strict rules to show no exploitation of the land. It produces many assessments of managing the glaciated landscape which are used to manage the effects of climate change and how tourism also contributes to this. In total it has involved 300 scientists and produced over 1,700 pages of evidence therefore its management globally has seen very effective regimes in it’s management. Therefore due to it’s involvement of multiple countries, economy it as an IGO it is deemed as a sustainable approach.
Antarctic Treaty - disadvantages
Operates on a modest budget of only $7.9 million for an IGO and also has to be agreed by all members of the party how that money is put to good use. This council budget was introduced in 2021-2022. Additionally, the Council’s budget may not adequately cover the costs associated with organizing meetings, conferences, and expert workshops, which are essential for facilitating dialogue and cooperation among member states and stakeholders.
The Alpine convention (CO2) - advantages
The Alpine convention involves eight Alpine countries (Austria, France, Switzerland as the main obvious examples), Its main policies are to improve energy efficiency and reduce the dependence on fossil fuels. The idea of the Alpine countries is to adopt land use policies and planning measures that prioritize sustainable development, its protocol offers sustainable management to stop co2 emissions through carbon sinks. For example in Arosa Switzerland have a scheme which offsets the emissions generated by incoming tourists, they discuss how they got here, what activities they participate in. Money collected through local tax is used for carbon credits from local biogas plants as well as this it promotes the use of eco-friendly transport and night activities.
The Alpine convention (CO2) - disadvantages
Tourists still allowed to visit area
Not all countries have ratified all of the protocols
Disagreements between communities about the lack of responsibility they have.
Having said that, other parts of Switzerland have not yet ratified the protocols due to conflicts with many mountain cantons who felt that their responsibility of their local area was being taken away from them. In some ways then this approach has not been totally successful as it wasn’t mutual, with only some areas instigating the protocols fully. Therefore it can only be affective in those specific areas.
