2a notes Flashcards
What are 3 diseases that involve amyloidosis?
myeloma
Alzheimer’s disease
carpal tunnel syndrome
What is lymphoedema and how would you treat it?
chronic non-pitting oedema due to lymphatic insufficiency - normally affects the legs
TREAT: compression stockings, massage, long-term antibiotics to prevent cellulitis
What is amyloidosis and how would you test for it?
deposition of amyloid (protein)
biopsy of rectal mucosa
What are some causes of lymphoedema?
Primary = inheritied deficiency of lymphatic vessels secondary = obstruction of lymphatic vessels e.g. malingnacy after radiation
What are some of the functions and types of lymphocytes?
B cells - produce antibodies
T cells
- CD4 (MHCII) stimulate B and CD8 cells
- CD8 (MHCI) directly kill pathogens via enzymes
What is the purpose of alternative pathway and how does it do this?
It amplifies immune response of classical and lectin - C3 (b) from blood binds to pathogen
Factor B + D forms C3 convertase
What is a granuloma?
aggregate of epithelial histocytes`
What is the definition of a carcinoma?
malignant epithelial neoplasm
What is an adenoma?
benign tumour of glandular epithelium
What is the definition of carcinogenesis?
The transformation of normal cells to neoplastic cells through permanent genetic alterations or mutations
What is the function of C3a and C5a?
They activate mast cells to produce histamine - increasing inflammation
What type of hypersensitivity is inflammation?
Type IV - cell mediated
What are the characterisitics of inflammation?
redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function
What are the types of immunoglobulins and their function?
IgG - humoral immunity IgM - in blood, involved in complement IgA - mucosal surface and tears IgD - antigen recognition IgE - allergic response
What is the classical complement cascade?
C1 binds to IgG or IgM - cleaves to C4 converting C4 to C4a and C4b
C4b binds to the pathogen and cleaves C2, converting C2 into C2a and C2b
C4bC2a is formed (C3 convertase) which converts C3 to C3a and C3b
This forms C5 convertase (C4bC2aC3b) which cleaves C5 to C5a and C5b
What is the definition of a neoplasm?
a lesion resulting form the autonomous abnormal growth cells which persists still after the initiating stimulus has been removed
What is the difference between lectin and classical pathways?
In lectin pathway - the lectin with mannose residues binding with polysaccharide cleaves C4 and C2 to C3 convertase
Classical it is C1 binding to IgM or IgG
What are the fluid compartments?
Total (42 L) - 2/3 intracellular (28L)
1/3 extracellular - plasma (3L), interstital 11L), transcellular (1L)
What is the window period in HIV?
the period between the virus being present in the body and it being present in the blood
What type of bacterial are staphlococcus and streptococcus?
both gram + cocci
staph = clusters
streph = chains
What bacterial can infection people taking antibiotics?
clostridium difficile
Why can’t you diagnose TB with a gram stain and what do you use instead?
it’s an acid fast bacilli so has a high lipid content which is resistant to gram stain
use a ziehl-neelsen stain
What are the effects of adrenoreceptors?
alpha 1 - vasoconstriction, pupil dilation, contraction of bladder
alpha 2 - decreases insulin
beta 1 - increases force, rate and contraction of heart, increases renin and therefore blood pressure
Beta 2 - bronchodilation, vasodilation, decreases GI motility
Beta 3 - increases lipolysis and relaxation of bladder
What are the 5 types of malaria and their differences?
vivax - 48 hr cycles ovale - 48 hr, can lay dormant in liver malariae - 72 hr cycles falciparium - 48 hr cycles, cerebral malariae knowlesi - 48 hr cycles
How does HIV infect people?
CD4 receptors bind to HIV receptor = conformational change and the 2nd receptor binds
membranes fuse
viral genetics move into cell
matrix and capsule digested and the RNA is released
reverse transcriptase
integrase moves DNA to host chromosome
RNA transcriptase
What is commensal?
when an organism colonises the host but does not cause disease in normal circumstances
What are the stages of virus replication?
attachment cell entry interaction replication assembly release
Where does the chickenpox virus lie dormant?
in dorsal root or cerebral ganglion
What are the 6 key properties of a virus?
can only be seen under electron microscope
only grows in living cells
inert outside host, have enzymes that act inside cell
process DNA and RNA
no cell wall, has outer protein coat and sometimes a lipid envelope
protein receptor on virus surface allow attachment to susceptible host cells
What does MIC in antibiotics mean?
minimal inhibitory concentration
- lowest concentration of antibiotic that will inhibit visible growth of microorganism after overnight incubation
What are the 4 features of HIV that make it a very dangerous virus?
sexually transmitted
long latency period
attacks immune system
very good at replicating and mutating
Name 5 modifiable diseases
mumps, measles, rubella, scarlet fever, hepatitis (a,b,c), anthrax, cholera, legionnaires, measles, meningitis, SARS, smallpox, rabies, whooping cough
What colour are gram - bacteria and why?
they are pink - crystal violet stain fades but the fuchsin counterstain stays visible
What are 2 things in antibiotics the can determine killing?
concentration dependant - how high the concentration is above MIC
Time dependant - time that the serum concentration is above MIC in dose interval
What are the stages of bacterial growth?
lag
exponential/log
stationary
What is the vector for malariae?
female anopheles mosquito
What are the 2 stages of liver metabolism?
Phase 1: modification by oxidation, reduction or hydrolysis by cytochrome P450 enzymes
Phase 2: conjunction with glucaronic acid etc. to make drug more water soluble
What is the difference between pharmokinetics and pharmodynamics?
kinetics - how body effects drug
dynamics - how drug effects body
What are 5 types of adverse drug reactions?
Augmented: predictable extension of clinical effect
Bizzare: hypersensitivity
Chronic: occurs after long time of therapy
Delayed: occurs many years after use
End of use: withdrawal
What is the difference between affinity and efficacy of drug?
affinity = how well ligand bind to receptor Efficacy = how well ligand activates receptor
What are the 4 main targets of drugs?
receptors
enzymes
transporters
ion channels
What is the definition of pain?
unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage
