2a notes Flashcards
What are 3 diseases that involve amyloidosis?
myeloma
Alzheimer’s disease
carpal tunnel syndrome
What is lymphoedema and how would you treat it?
chronic non-pitting oedema due to lymphatic insufficiency - normally affects the legs
TREAT: compression stockings, massage, long-term antibiotics to prevent cellulitis
What is amyloidosis and how would you test for it?
deposition of amyloid (protein)
biopsy of rectal mucosa
What are some causes of lymphoedema?
Primary = inheritied deficiency of lymphatic vessels secondary = obstruction of lymphatic vessels e.g. malingnacy after radiation
What are some of the functions and types of lymphocytes?
B cells - produce antibodies
T cells
- CD4 (MHCII) stimulate B and CD8 cells
- CD8 (MHCI) directly kill pathogens via enzymes
What is the purpose of alternative pathway and how does it do this?
It amplifies immune response of classical and lectin - C3 (b) from blood binds to pathogen
Factor B + D forms C3 convertase
What is a granuloma?
aggregate of epithelial histocytes`
What is the definition of a carcinoma?
malignant epithelial neoplasm
What is an adenoma?
benign tumour of glandular epithelium
What is the definition of carcinogenesis?
The transformation of normal cells to neoplastic cells through permanent genetic alterations or mutations
What is the function of C3a and C5a?
They activate mast cells to produce histamine - increasing inflammation
What type of hypersensitivity is inflammation?
Type IV - cell mediated
What are the characterisitics of inflammation?
redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function
What are the types of immunoglobulins and their function?
IgG - humoral immunity IgM - in blood, involved in complement IgA - mucosal surface and tears IgD - antigen recognition IgE - allergic response
What is the classical complement cascade?
C1 binds to IgG or IgM - cleaves to C4 converting C4 to C4a and C4b
C4b binds to the pathogen and cleaves C2, converting C2 into C2a and C2b
C4bC2a is formed (C3 convertase) which converts C3 to C3a and C3b
This forms C5 convertase (C4bC2aC3b) which cleaves C5 to C5a and C5b
What is the definition of a neoplasm?
a lesion resulting form the autonomous abnormal growth cells which persists still after the initiating stimulus has been removed
What is the difference between lectin and classical pathways?
In lectin pathway - the lectin with mannose residues binding with polysaccharide cleaves C4 and C2 to C3 convertase
Classical it is C1 binding to IgM or IgG
What are the fluid compartments?
Total (42 L) - 2/3 intracellular (28L)
1/3 extracellular - plasma (3L), interstital 11L), transcellular (1L)
What is the window period in HIV?
the period between the virus being present in the body and it being present in the blood
What type of bacterial are staphlococcus and streptococcus?
both gram + cocci
staph = clusters
streph = chains
What bacterial can infection people taking antibiotics?
clostridium difficile
Why can’t you diagnose TB with a gram stain and what do you use instead?
it’s an acid fast bacilli so has a high lipid content which is resistant to gram stain
use a ziehl-neelsen stain
What are the effects of adrenoreceptors?
alpha 1 - vasoconstriction, pupil dilation, contraction of bladder
alpha 2 - decreases insulin
beta 1 - increases force, rate and contraction of heart, increases renin and therefore blood pressure
Beta 2 - bronchodilation, vasodilation, decreases GI motility
Beta 3 - increases lipolysis and relaxation of bladder
What are the 5 types of malaria and their differences?
vivax - 48 hr cycles ovale - 48 hr, can lay dormant in liver malariae - 72 hr cycles falciparium - 48 hr cycles, cerebral malariae knowlesi - 48 hr cycles
