2.a. Global migration patterns are influenced by a multitude of inter-related factors

Question 1

What has increased the complexity of global migration

Answer 1

Changes in the 21st century

Question 2

Economic globalisation leading to the emergency of new source and host destination- how has this increased the complexity of global migration

Answer 2

• an increasing number of countries and their economies have become more inderpendent
• increased complexity of migration can be linked to globalisation
• as globalisation has spread, new places of origin and new destinations for migrants have emerged

Question 3

Economic globalisation leading to the emergency of new source and host destination- Inter regional

Answer 3

-migration of workers from India, Pakistan and Bangladesh to oil producing Gulf States, attracted by a high demand for labour and a free flow of remittances

Question 4

Economic globalisation leading to the emergency of new source and host destination- Intra regional

Answer 4

• Increased migration withitn South America to countries such as Argentina and Chile, which can offer more employment opportuntities and higher wages than the source areas
• retune migration flows within the EU as young workers, who took low skilled jobs in another country return home with a higher level of skills to more prestigious jobes
• increase of the international migrant stock amonst ASEAN mmeber states with flows of low skilled workers from countries like Myanmar to the fast growing economies of Thailand

Question 5

Economic globalisation leading to the emergency of new source and host destination- internal

Answer 5

-internal migration flows, e.g. within EDCs such as India and Brazil, where economic development is concentrated in core areas, often large urban centres

Question 6

High concentration of young workers and female migrants- what are the main reasons for international migration by younger workers

Answer 6

• greater employment opportunities
• higher wages
• possibility of remittance

Question 7

High concentration of young workers and female migrants- In the UAE, what are the common jobs aimed at male migrants?

Answer 7

• jobs for Emirates e.g. aircraft schedule controller

- construction jobs

Question 8

High concentration of young workers and female migrants- why is there young labour migration in the UAE

Answer 8

• demand for workers in the oil producing countries
• number of foreign born residents in UAE increased dramatically
• flows dominated by young males
• majority are low skilled and not educated beyond primarly level
• only 3.6% migrants employed in health, 2.6% in education sectors

Question 9

Female migrants make up large percentages of all migrant reasons such as Europe and North America. Why?

Answer 9

• greater inderpendence
• women with highly developed skills sets migrating from continents such as Africa
• women moving away from countries where they face job discrimination e.g. china

Question 9

Female migrants make up large percentages of all migrant reasons such as Europe and North America. Why?

Answer 9

• greater inderpendence
• women with highly developed skills sets migrating from continents such as Africa
• women moving away from countries where they face job discrimination e.g. china

Question 10

High concentration of young workers and female migrants- highly skilled female migrants

Answer 10

• emigration of female graduates was higher than that of highly skilled men for African and Latin American countries
• main destinations Canada, USA, UK and Israel- because they have less discrimination in the labour market and better women’s rights

Question 11

High concentration of young workers and female migrants- governance and protection of female migrants wellbeing- UNHCR

Answer 11

• organisation wokring to help displaced women and girls
• aim is to help improve women’s lives as well as those of their children, families and communities
• helping Syrian Refugees in the Middle East

Question 12

Flows of migrants in South South corridors- what is the brandt line

Answer 12

divides the rich ‘north’ from the poor ‘south

Question 13

Flows of migrants in South South corridors- why has south to south migration flows increased and were equal to all other flows combined in 2013

Answer 13

• in 2013, South-South internation migration flows greater than South-North flows
• global economies have become more interconnected- globalisation
• large numbers of fast growing economies in South offer employment opportunities and are increasingly accessible
• increased awareness of opportunities in the South- from improved communication

Question 14

Flows of migrants in South South corridors- what are the causes of South to South migration

Answer 14

• labour migration/jobs/economic migrants- 2/3 of migrant remittances were sent between countries of the South in 2013
• increase in refugees fleeing persecution or conflict e.g. 23 million from Afghanistan to India

Question 15

Flows of migrants in South South corridors- example of South to South migration- Burkina Faso to Ivory Coast (LIC)

Answer 15

• GDP OF $684 per head
• In 2013 there were 560,000 Ivorians living in Burkina Faso
• reasons for migration is to escape conflicts

Question 16

Flows of migrants in South South corridors- example of South to South migration- Ivory coast (lower middle income country) to Burkina Faso

Answer 16

• GDP of $1529 per head
• 1.46 million Burkina Faso residents living in Ivory Coast
• reasons for migration- empolyment opportunities, higher wages, opportunities for migrant farmers on fertile lands

Question 17

Conflict and persecution have increased number of refugees- what is a refugee

Answer 17

• someone who is outside their home country becuse of fear of persecution
• according to the UN, the number of refugees has risen from 15.7 million in 2012 to 9.5 million in 2014

Question 18

Conflict and persecution have increased number of refugees- What are the main reasons for the large number of refugees globally

Answer 18

• effects of conflicts
• political persecution and violation of human rights
• economic hardship
• impacts of natural hazards

Question 19

Conflict and persecution have increased number of refugees- what is the largest source and recipient of refugees

Answer 19

• source- Syria

- recipient- Turkey

Question 20

Conflict and persecution have increased number of refugees- what is an asylum seeker

Answer 20

• someone who seeks entry to another country by claiming to be a refugee
• those judged not to be a refugee can be sent to their home country
• the largest number of applications are received in the Russian Federation, Germany and the US

Question 21

Conflict and persecution have increased number of refugees- what are the main reasons for the large numbers of refugees globally

Answer 21

• effects of conflict (reduced personal safety and destruction of property)
• political persecution
• economic hardship
• the impact of natural hazards

Question 22

Conflict and persecution have increased number of refugees- refugees from Syria- key facts

Answer 22

• civil war has led to the internal displacement of 7.6 million people and a further 4.7 million international refugees
• a high percentage have moved a short distance to countries that share a border e.g. Lebanon, as they hope to return to their neighbourhood ass soon as the bording crossing is re-opened

Question 23

Conflict and persecution have increased number of refugees- what are the impacts of Syrian refugees on neighbouring countries

Answer 23

• 1 in 5 people living in Lebanon is a Syrian refugee

- Lebanon has been overhwelmed by Syrian refugees- in 2015 the Lebanese government imposed the need for visas

Question 24

Conflict and persecution have increased number of refugees- impacts of Syrian refugees on Lebanon

Answer 24

• pressure on medical care
• pressure on education
• pressure on resources
• pressure on infrastructure

Question 25

Changes in national immigration and emigration policies- why are migration policies put in place

Answer 25

-put in place by individual countries to meet the economic, social and political needs of a country
-some ACs such as the UK, Australia and Canada use a points based system to meet labout shortages in certain sectors. Migrants may only be accept if they satisfy a certain skills requirement within the host country
the motivations may differ

Question 26

Changes in national immigration and emigration policies- why do some developing countries encourage emigration

Answer 26

• it will assist the development process through the financial benefits of migrant remittances and the skills, ideas and business contacts brought in my reurning migrants
• stimulus to economic growth and boost to GDP

Question 27

Changes in national immigration and emigration policies- Emigration Policy in Pakistan (lower middle income country) key statistics

Answer 27

• in 2013, migrant remittances amounted to US$11.5 billion- this is vital to the socio-economic development
• the Pakistand National Emigration Policy aims to promote emigration. It includes requirements such as promotion of the export of Pakistani manpower abroad and support for social networks and associations

Question 28

Changes in national immigration and emigration policies- Immigration policy in Canada (high income country)

Answer 28

• government made changes to immigration policy in January 2015 to address skills gap
• new policy aimed at attracting engineers, IT speciaists and health care workers
• potential migrants ranked on a 1200 point system which enables young, high skilled immigrants to be fast tracked

Question 29

Development of distinct corridors of bilateral flows- what is bilateral migration

Answer 29

• a movement of migrants between two countries
• some bilateral corridors are long standing e.g. Mexico/USA
• new flows have been recorded in the last decade e.g. Sudan and South Sudan

Question 30

Development of distinct corridors of bilateral flows- social/economic influences on bilateral flows

Answer 30

• costs of travel
• ease of access and communication between the two countries
• employment opportunities and wage difference

Question 31

Development of distinct corridors of bilateral flows- political influences on bilateral flows

Answer 31

• effects of conflict and persecution

- former colonial influence such as language

Question 32

Development of distinct corridors of bilateral flows- social/economic influences on bilateral flows- How has the scale and pattern of migrant corridors changed between 2010 and 2013

Answer 32

• Mexico to USA remains the highest but has decreased
• Poland to UK is a new flow due to emigration policies
• India to UAE has lowered due to construction