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OCR A level Geog p2-Migration > //1.a. Global migration involves dynamic flows of people between countries, regions and continents > Flashcards

//1.a. Global migration involves dynamic flows of people between countries, regions and continents Flashcards

1
Q

What is a long term migrant

A

a person who moves to a country other than residence for at least one year

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2
Q

What is a short term migrant

A

A person who moves for more than three months but less than a year

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3
Q

What is net migration

A

the differences between number of immigrants and emigrants for a country

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4
Q

A few facts about migration

A
  • in 2015, 244 million people were living outside their country of origin
  • the global migration system is dynamic
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5
Q

What are the two main reasons for migration

A
  • economic migrants-these are the majority. They are seeking work and social opportunities. Sending money back to their family (migrant remittances)
  • refugees-fleeing conflict zones and persecution. Growing in numbers, as are asylum seekers
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6
Q

What was the total population change in 2013 and 2020 due to international migrants

A

-2013: +407,345
-2020: +313,000
these figures are only estimates because it is difficult to define an international migrant and there are many undocumented illegal migrations

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7
Q

What three scales does migration occur at

A
  • between neighbouring countries e.g. Germany to France
  • across the globe e.g. UK to Australia
  • between major global regions e.g. Africa and Europe
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8
Q

What are the advantages of chorepleth maps to represent spatial patterns of international migration

A
  • visually effective-can see a large amount of information and general patterns
  • anomalies easily identified
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9
Q

What are the disadvantages of chorepleth maps to represent spatial patterns of internatinal migration

A
  • they give a false impression of abrupt changes at the boundaries of shaded units
  • not suitable for showing total value
  • difficult to distinguish between different shades
  • variations within an area are hidden
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10
Q

Example of international migration-UK-main reasons for people moving abroad FROM the UK

A
  • employment opportunities-the majority were of working age, including a high proportion in managerial positions
  • retirement-high UK house process enable many to sell up and live more cheaply abroad. Goodquality of life
  • family reunification-moving to join relatives overseas
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11
Q

Example of international migration-UK-main countries of origin of UK immigrants (in million)

A
  • India- 0.76
  • Poland- 0.66
  • Pakistan- 0.48
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12
Q

Example of international migration-UK-main countries of destination of UK emigrants (in million)

A
  • Australia- 1.28
  • USA- 0.76
  • Canada- 0.67
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13
Q

Example of international migration-UK-main reasons for people moving abroad TO the UK

A
  • ex colonies e.g. India
  • fellow EU countries e.g. Poland
  • business/job/work opportunities
  • education (193,000 were students in full time education)
  • family reunification (91,000)
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14
Q

How much of the immigrant population did women represent in the UK

A

women represented just over half of the UK’s immigrant population in 2013

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15
Q

Which region of the UK had the largest number of immigrants

A

London- 36.2% of immigrants (mostly from India)

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16
Q

What is inter regional migration

A
  • the movement of people between different global regions e.g. Africa to Europe
  • several thousand peope have risked their lives fleeing conflict and instability in Africa and the Middle East in order to reach Europe
17
Q

Exaple of INTER regional migration-Mediterranean migration- what are they key routes of migration into Europe

A
  • Meditteranean sea from North Africa to reach Europe
  • large number of migrants arriving in Europe were from Syria
  • Italy-high numbers of migrants
18
Q

Exaple of INTER regional migration-Mediterranean migration- what are some of the challenges faced along the way?

A
  • temperatures/seas-higher temperatures and calmer seas make the dangerous journey less threatening
  • boats are small, crammed and poorly maintained
  • heat exhaustion and suffocation (due to poor conditions)
  • boats can sink-people can drown
  • 3,279 peoeple died in 2014 to Mediterranea sea crossings
19
Q

Exaple of INTER regional migration-Mediterranean migration-Where are most migrants going (include %)

A
  • 41% Germany- Germany accept immigrants and easy to get a job
  • 16% Sweden- good system of healthcare and education. High quality of life
  • 15% Italy- easy to get to compared to other countries
20
Q

Exaple of INTER regional migration-Mediterranean migration- where are most migrants coming from (include %)

A
  • 45% Syria- to escape war and seek somewhere safe to live
  • 25% Afghanistan- high violence levels means there was a surge of Asylum seekers
  • 10% Eritrea- fighting here means there were large amount of refugee migrants (2014- Eritrea+ Spain accounted for the largest number of migrants arriving in Italy by sea)
21
Q

What are push factors

A

negative things that make people want to move out of a place

  • unemployment
  • lack of safety/services
  • poverty
  • crop failure
  • drought
  • hazards
22
Q

What are pull factors

A

Positive things that attract people to a new place

  • job opportunities
  • safer atmosphere
  • better service provision
  • fertile land
  • greater wealth
23
Q

Briefly explain Lee Migration Model

A

Original (push/pull factors) —-> destination (push/pull factors)
INTERVENING OBSTACLES inbetween e.g. economic cost, physical features, climatic factors

24
Q

Named example of Mediterranean migration- push factors from Etitrea

A
  • it is one of the worl’d poorest countries
  • access to sanitation available to just 13%
  • only 22% jave access to safe water
  • low life expectancy of 65 years
  • politically unstable and corrupt with internal civil war
25
Q

Another named example of Mediterranean- Intervening obstacles for migrants from Syria to Greece

A
  • thousands of miles between these two countries
  • migrants have to take different forms of transportation
  • journey is expensive and angerous
  • migration hubs expensive-Turkish refugee camp- have to pay a large fee in order to leave
  • small boat from Turkey to Greece- boat is small and Mediterranean sea is deadly sea crossing
26
Q

What is intra regional migration

A
  • the movement of people within the same global region e.g. from Poland to the UK within the EU
  • movement can occur between Member States of the EU or between EU countries and non EU contries
  • economic migrants
27
Q

3 statistics about intra regional migration

A
  • 2012: 1.7 million people resident in an EU country migrated to another EU country
  • a further 1.7 million moved to the EU from countries outside
  • 2.7 million migrated from EU to non EU state
28
Q

INTRA regional migration- what is a popular destination for migrants within the EU

A
  • Germany (345, 692 in 2013)

- France (93,393)

29
Q

INTRA regional migration- where are the lowest recipients of migrants coming from

A
  • Lativia (1,517)

- Lithuania (1,728)

30
Q

INTRA regional migration- which countries have the highest perecentage of foreigners in their total population

A
  • Spain
  • Estonia
  • Latvia
31
Q

INTRA regional migration- which countru jas the largest percentage of its migrants in EU origin?

A

Luxembourg

32
Q

INTRA regional migration- what has determined the size of migrations?

A
  • the Schengen Agreement-signed in 1985 (allowed freedom of movement within most of the EU)
  • recent EU expansion- increased potential number of migrants
33
Q

INTRA regional migration- Poland to UK- what are the motives for Polish migrants?

A
  • economic-Polish migrants were attracted by greater employment opportunities, higher wages, better living standards and ease of return
  • political-since Poland joined the EU, A8 migrants are able to live and work in the EU without a visa
  • social-many Polish migrants have migrated to be with family members
34
Q

INTRA regional migration- Poland to UK- what sorts of jobs do they do?

A
  • low skilled work jobs
  • job vaccines mainly in leisure, construction and farming
  • most Polish migrants will set up their own business
35
Q

INTRA regional migration- Poland to UK- how many Poles (Polish people) lived in the UK and how many UK residents live in Poland in 2013-

A
  • Poles=660,000

- UK residents=40,000- mostly professionals working for MNCs and attracted by the lower cost of living

36
Q

INTRA regional migration- Poland to UK- what are the benefits to the UK?

A
  • migrants bring a wide range of skills
  • contributes to economic growth by an estimated £2.5 billion every year
  • 80% of migrants are between the ages of 18 and 35, offsetting the UK’s ageing population
37
Q

INTRA regional migration- Poland to UK- what are the negatives to the UK

A
  • tensions between the migrants and local population
  • schools, hopsitals and other services put under pressure
  • property prices increase-due to increase in demand for accommodation
  • money sent out of the country, back to Poland
38
Q

INTRA regional migration- Poland to UK- positives of migration on Poland

A
  • more jobs because there are fewer competing for work
  • Polish migrants sending back remittances
  • population density reduced
  • returning migrants bring back new skills
39
Q

INTRA regional migration- Poland to UK- negatives of migration on Poland

A
  • negative multiplier effects- because loss of skilled workers. So may slow economic growth
  • some schools unfilled due to migrants
  • loss of young adult labour force- may result in labour shortages

OCR A level Geog p2-Migration (5 decks)

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