1.b. Current patterns of international migration are related to global patterns of socio-economic development

Question 1

Why is there a close relationship between migration and development

Answer 1

• migration can contribute to economic development and is a positive process
• inequalities in levels of development can be a cause of migration- major influence on direction and scale of migrant flows
• International Organisations recognise important of migration as a key factor in development

Question 2

What are remittances

Answer 2

private funds sent by migrants to the non migrant members of their family in their home country

Question 3

How is the development of a country measured

Answer 3

• GDP per capital (total value of goods and services produced in a country divided by its total population)
• HDI (incorporates social and economic indicies for life expectancy, education and GDP per capita)

Question 4

Which countries had the highest migrant remittance as a percentage of GDP and HDI in 2013

Answer 4

• Nepal
• Haiti
• The Gambia

Question 5

How can migrate promote stability within and between countries

Answer 5

• migrant remittances are a source of foreign exhcnage
• returning migrants bring new ideas and values
• youthful migrants can balance the population structure of a previously ageing population in a host country
• examples: Poland-Mexico, Poland-Laos, migrants to Germany

Question 6

How can migrate promote economic growth within and between countries

Answer 6

• GDP and tax base is boosted by working migrants
• migrants can stimulate local economies-they can fill skill gaps
• migrant remittances can supplement household income and can stimulate local multiplier effects
• examples: UK-Thailand, Polish workers in Petersborough

Question 7

How can migrate promote development within and between countries

Answer 7

• skills and knowledge acquired by returning migrants- benefit to countries of origin
• migrants can create networks through their links to diaspora associations
• UN migration and development projects partner countries providing and receiving migrants in socio-economic development projects
• examples: Poland-Brazil-Eritrea, Portuguese/Japanese, Thailand-Vietnam

Question 8

What is diaspora

Answer 8

The spread of an ethnic or national group from their homeland e.g. Jews from Israel

Question 9

How is migration and globalisation linked

Answer 9

• global migrations are intrinsically related to flows of money, ideas and techology
• this transfer of resources is significant in promoting stability, growth and development

Question 10

How do flows of money link to migration

Answer 10

• monetary transfers are seen in the billions of dollars send worldwide as migrant remittances
• flows of money have been made easier, more efficient and more secure by use of technology such as mobile money transfers

Question 11

How do flows of ideas link to migration

Answer 11

• global migration leads to the diffusion of ideas, information and values, which can be transmitted back to the place of origin
• this includes ideas on family size, education and marriage (social remittances)
• values such as democracy and other norms of behaviour can flow between countries through use of social media

Question 12

How do flows of technology link to migration

Answer 12

• technology is used by NGOs to assess crises so that response can be made where needs are greatest
• they use ‘big data’ including mobile phone records amd credit card transactions as well as ‘crowd sourced data’ to conduct ‘crises mapping’
• use of smartphones in Pakistan for access to numbers of urban IDPs

Question 13

What three things can migration cause

Answer 13

-inequalities e.g. countries of origin lose a proportion of their young, fittest element of labour force
-conflicts e.g. between host communities and newcomers or at borders between border control, traffickers and illegal migrants
-injustices e.g. migrants are vulnerable to violation of Human Rights as a result of forced labour, expolitation of women and children trafficking
These things are all linked to unequal flows of money, people, ideas and technology

Question 14

How does global migration cause inequalities

Answer 14

• countries of origin lose a proportion of the young, vibrant and fittest element of the labour force
• demographic selectiveness of international migration cause redistricution of population of reproductive age
• migrant remittances can increase inequality between families who do/don’t receive them

Question 15

How does globalmigration cause conflicts

Answer 15

• social conflicts can develop between host communities and newcomers
• immigrant populations place pressure on service provision e.g. education
• international borders can be areas of conflict
• example- Myanmar refugees on the Thai-Malaysian border

Question 16

How does global migration cause injustices

Answer 16

• migrants are vulnerable to violation of their human rights
• threatent of aslyum seekers can include being held in detention centres and not being allowed to work
• plight of refugees e.g. shelter, food and water
• example- channel tunnel at Calais

Question 17

How are migrant flows spatially uneven

Answer 17

• globally south north and south south migrations are dominant
• the transer of ideas and money are related to these patterns of inequality of migration and tend to flow in the opposite direction, back to the place of origin

Question 18

What inequalities restrict the effective managent pf conflict and injustices linked to migration

Answer 18

• access to technology in some countries is limited and reflects low levels of socio economic development and infrastructure of ICT
• government or military control of information and limited broadband speed affects the worl of civilian relief organisations