29032018 Flashcards
1
Q
Social hierarchy
A
- Social status
- Inequality
- Upward mobility
2
Q
Prehistoric human footprints unearthed on Canada shoreline
A
- Footprint @on a shore dated to 13,000 ya
- 29 footprints, 3different sized, 1 set belong to child
- End of the last ice age (sea lvl 2-3m lower than today)
3
Q
Northeastern Native American archaeology timeline
A
- Early Paleoindian, late Paleoindian (PreClovis, Clovis) 13,000-9,500ya
> New wood tools adapted to new environment in late Paleoindia - Early Archaic
- Middle Archaic
- Late Archaic
4
Q
Maine Quaternary relative sea level
A
- Lowstand deltas and shorelines @12,000ya
- “Slowstand” (equalize) @10,000-8,000ya
> Brought up sea level after “slowstand” stage
5
Q
Bass Harbor Site
A
- Expose more recently
- Artifacts recovered by scalloper in Bass Harbor Site, Maine:
> Found bifaces, early-middle archaic slate points
> Adapted to hunt salt fish - Tool tradition: show adaptation to new environment
- Frm Canada extending down to the East Coast
- Shallow coast: 20-25m below sea level, occupied about 9-8kya
6
Q
Modern inlet analog for drowned Bass Harbor Site
A
- Sea level came up: more gradual
- Diversity of animals (marine, land animals)
- Catastrophic vs gradual
7
Q
Sparrow (?) Site, Milo, Marine
A
- Cultural fire hearth
- Squash
8
Q
Windover Bog
A
- 8,280 BP, Central Florida
- Great preservation of burial site
- Recreational diver, textile represented by the figurines
- Burial under water
9
Q
8,200 year “event” cooler and drier for several centuries
A
- Take centuries to adapt from dry environment to shallow site
- Settlement: moving
- Expanding: beech; dropping: oak, pine
10
Q
Early Archaic
A
- From dry (8kya) to wet (7-5kya)
- Dry @5kya?
- 2kya afterwards: wetter
11
Q
Early archaic period
A
- Time: approx 9.5-7.5kya
- Environment: continued to warm
> Help to form many kinds of wetlands, frm lakes to ponds - Tools: during early archaic period, native Americans in Vermont…
12
Q
Sites
A
- Bassett’s site, John’s bridge, Juniper Ridge Site, Calkins Site
> Make sure from diff groups of ppl
13
Q
John’s Bridge Site, Stanton, Vermont
A
- Tabular knives: Mazza and John’s Bridge
> Probably fish knives for cleaning (dull edge) - ULU (tool for fishing activity)
- Ca. 8100 BP: Munsungan chert, Mt Jasper rhyolite
> Recognize the changes - Faunal remains include catfish and bullhead (fish remains)
- Tools: projectile point, preform, bifaces etc.
14
Q
Essex, Vermont
A
- Survey before building the highway
- Tools: steep patch(tie on the hand build, about thumb size)
- Local materials
15
Q
Calkins, South Burlington
A
- At the time of occupation: wetland
16
Q
Middleburry
A
- Fire hearth: 9470-9270BP, 9140-8990BP
> Occupation at different times
17
Q
- Early Archaic period, ca. 9,500-7,500 yrs BP
A
- Population growth
- Storage pits: indicative of change in mobility? People more tied to sites?
> Implies population growth becoz storage can increase the number of people that can be fed - Wide range of adaptation - forests, plains, rivers
- Still mobile populations. Still hunter-gatherers. For example, in Ohio valley, EA sites found on floodplains, bluffs above rivers and in upland areas
18
Q
Based on seasonality studies at Early Archaic sites
A
- Sites attribute to spring = fish and wild plants
- Sites attribute to summer = snails, wild plants, grapes strawberries, marsh elder, swamp weed
- Sites attribute to fall occupations show people focused on nut collecting
- Sites attribute to late fall = river - deer, birds, fish
19
Q
Middle Archaic period
A
- Ca. 7,500-6,000BP
- Koster Site, Lower Illinois River
20
Q
Koster Site, Lower Illinois River
A
- Sediments piled up: site = very deep (10m below the surface)
- Man has lived on the Koster site for over 7,000yrs
- Separated occupations
> Different features and life ways on horizons
21
Q
Leicester Flats Site, Salisbury, VT
A
- Found: clay environment (using buckets, baking soda to break down the clay on surfaced)
- Wet @7kya
22
Q
- Middle Archaic period, ca. 7,500-6,000BP
A
- Population increase
- Less mobility - size of use area decreases - sites in areas of concentrated raw material (stone) and animal resources (territorial)
- Cemeteries - further evidence of territorial attachment
> Time investment > stay at the same place for generations
> Relationship btw ppl and landscape (representation of landscape) - Deeper sites, buried under flood deposits
- Humans in all parts of North America
- Still mobile hunter-gatherers but some signs of shift to “Tribal” level societies, based on burials and evidence of interaction btw groups
> See nx slide: broad levels of social organization
> How were these people organized?
23
Q
Broad levels of social organization
A
Bands ———— Tribes - Chiefdoms- States
Egalitarian) (Hierarchical, stratified
24
Q
Late Archaic, 6,500-3,000BP
A
-
25
Q
Recorded sites in Vermont
A
- Paleoindian 38
- Early Archaic 39
- Middle Archaic 94
- Late Archaic 287 (significant increase)
- # s of sites can be used as very general proxy for population size(Includes transitional MA/LA sites)
26
Q
KI site, Vermont
A
- Otter Creek type points from the KI site near Rutland, Vermont, ca. 5,000BP
27
Q
Arnold Brook site
A
- Cache of raw materials
- Pile up stones inside house: no need to look for raw material during winter season
- Broken edge: brought back to house to replace
- 6kya, almost @the surface (~a foot to dig)
- Heat up a pile of stones on fire: spread out > put nuts on for roasting
28
Q
Late Archaic period: Isle La Motte site, Vermont
A
- “Glacial Kane” grave good from Isle La Motte, Vermont
- Marine shell, copper and galena
- Circular shell pendant, discoid always shell beads, portions of sandal-sole, elongate shell gorget, copper adzes, galena nodules
29
Q
Late Archaic period, ca. 6000-3000BP
A
- Poverty Point, Louisiana
- Mississippi River floodplain
- Reconstruction (by illustration)
- Gray Chert, Steatite Hornebiende Chlorite (diff materials)
> Prestige goods
