18012018

Question 1

Field work

Answer 1

• Collect data > reconstruct the past

- Very important!

Question 2

Culture context

Answer 2

• e.g. agriculture context

- Differences btw agriculture context & living context

Question 3

Physical context

Answer 3

-

Question 4

History of Americanist archaeology

archaeology - more paired with natural sci, e.g. geo.

Answer 4

• C: Borrowed some frm European tradition
• Much of early archaeology = “antiquarianism”
• During what has been called the “speculative period”

Question 5

Classical

Answer 5

*

Question 6

Biblical

Answer 6

*

Question 7

Pompeii, “Garden of the Fugitives”

Answer 7

• Plaster casts of victims buried by eruption of Mt. Vesuvius in AD 79

Question 8

Objects, artifacts, black market

Answer 8

• Church, wealthy ppl

Question 9

Giovanni Belzoni (1778-1823)

Answer 9

• An engineer whose first career was as a circus
• Removal by Belzoni of the 7.25 ton (sent by the British)
  > Ramesses II statue frm Ramesses II mortuary temple in Luxor Egypt
  Reportedly took 130 men, 17 days to extract (1816
  > Signs on the site…

Question 10

Contemporary impression of archaeologist

Answer 10

• Tomb raider Lura
• Indiana Jones
• Curious George
  > Poor methodology?!

Question 11

Thomas Jefferson (1743-1846)

Answer 11

• Mississippian conical mound “excavation”
• Surveyor, architect (quite a dynamic, complicated person)
• Value native ppl construction > investigation
  <> New Americans —> European’s long history
• Male bones (warriors) > traumas, weapons
  > Cumulative

Question 12

Stratigraphy, strata, stratum

Answer 12

*

Question 13

Lewis Henry Morgan (1818-1881)

Answer 13

• Morgan’s cultural evolutionary stages:

Savagism - Barbarism - Civilization

Question 14

Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley (1949)

Answer 14

• Ephram Squire & Edwin Davis
• Squire (surveyor) and Davis (antiquarian) maps of mounds in Ohio
• Most of these sites do not exit any more
  > They interpret the sites with maps

Question 15

C.B. Moore (1852-1936)

Answer 15

• Go to American southeast with his steam ship
• Load objects to his steam ship
• Many like Moore are interested in collecting objects as their own interest

Question 16

Nels Nelson

Answer 16

• Promote stratigraphy

- Layering in sites: superposition: A is younger than B, B

Question 17

Warren K. Moorehead (1866-1939)

Answer 17

• Work on Ohio, New England…
• “The Force”: the burial sites, give artifacts to the workers if they find them?!
• Found big objects only (e.g. gouges, celts, thin blades by pickaxe),
  > Destroy the site and take away large pieces
  > BUT not using screen > no fine, or tiny pieces
• Able to predict for the next burial sites > nail a lot of them
  > Predictive Model: identify cultural area > look for similar evidence
  > NOT concern with spatial relationship (which is much valued today)

Question 18

A. V. Kidder & colleague Earl Morris (in the Southwest)

Answer 18

• Take Nelson’s concepts
• Interest not only on objects, but also reconstruct the past
• Field techniques, multidisciplinary, stratigraphy > still use today
  (*Nelson + Kidder)

Question 19

Ceramic seriation

Answer 19

• Organizing styles by time period

Question 20

Artifact typology

Answer 20

• Organizing types of artifacts by time period

Question 21

Caribbean ceramic typology, “simplified” by Rouse

Answer 21

• Plugging in things into the categories:
  E.g. chican ostionoid, Elena ostionoid, Majorcan troumassoid, etc.
  > Misinterpret > miss some info, diversities
  > Not every thing fit perfectly into the categories
  > Has to use typology very carefully
  (Human culture is complicated)

Question 22

***Walter W. Taylor (1913-1997)

1960’s new archeology vs old archeology mentioned

Answer 22

• Wrote A study of archeology in 1948
• Change the practices and theories
• Emphasized:
  1) More anthropology in archaeology (i.e. ethnographic analogy)
  2) Quantification of data - use statistics (how many, percentage) rather than making generalist statements based on impressions
  3) Test hypotheses in scientific way - no more digging for sake of digging, rather problem oriented research - excavate to answer research questions broader in scope than simply “how old” and how many museum quality artifacts
  > Have a research plan!!
  4) Use specialists to help extract info frm archaeological artifacts & ecofacts
  5) Study ALL REMAINS - no more biased view based on only a portion of excavated material
  6) Study general cultural laws & processes

Question 23

Lewis Binford (1931-2011)

Answer 23

• Champion of “processual”, or what was called the “new” archaeology

Question 24

William Haviland

Answer 24

• Studied non-elite, commoner burials at Mayan site of Tikal

- Big temple (elite) vs burials (regular ppl) > different?

Question 25

Kathleen Deagan

Answer 25

• Pioneer for women in archaeology.
• Studied Interaction twin indigenous ppl & Spanish on Hispaniola at the earliest European settlement in the New World