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ANTH 024 > 18012018 > Flashcards

18012018 Flashcards

1
Q

Field work

A
  • Collect data > reconstruct the past

- Very important!

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2
Q

Culture context

A
  • e.g. agriculture context

- Differences btw agriculture context & living context

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3
Q

Physical context

A

-

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4
Q

History of Americanist archaeology

archaeology - more paired with natural sci, e.g. geo.

A
  • C: Borrowed some frm European tradition
  • Much of early archaeology = “antiquarianism”
  • During what has been called the “speculative period”
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5
Q

Classical

A

*

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6
Q

Biblical

A

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7
Q

Pompeii, “Garden of the Fugitives”

A
  • Plaster casts of victims buried by eruption of Mt. Vesuvius in AD 79
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8
Q

Objects, artifacts, black market

A
  • Church, wealthy ppl
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9
Q

Giovanni Belzoni (1778-1823)

A
  • An engineer whose first career was as a circus
  • Removal by Belzoni of the 7.25 ton (sent by the British)
    > Ramesses II statue frm Ramesses II mortuary temple in Luxor Egypt
    Reportedly took 130 men, 17 days to extract (1816
    > Signs on the site…
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10
Q

Contemporary impression of archaeologist

A
  • Tomb raider Lura
  • Indiana Jones
  • Curious George
    > Poor methodology?!
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11
Q

Thomas Jefferson (1743-1846)

A
  • Mississippian conical mound “excavation”
  • Surveyor, architect (quite a dynamic, complicated person)
  • Value native ppl construction > investigation
    <> New Americans —> European’s long history
  • Male bones (warriors) > traumas, weapons
    > Cumulative
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12
Q

Stratigraphy, strata, stratum

A

*

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13
Q

Lewis Henry Morgan (1818-1881)

A
  • Morgan’s cultural evolutionary stages:

Savagism - Barbarism - Civilization

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14
Q

Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley (1949)

A
  • Ephram Squire & Edwin Davis
  • Squire (surveyor) and Davis (antiquarian) maps of mounds in Ohio
  • Most of these sites do not exit any more
    > They interpret the sites with maps
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15
Q

C.B. Moore (1852-1936)

A
  • Go to American southeast with his steam ship
  • Load objects to his steam ship
  • Many like Moore are interested in collecting objects as their own interest
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16
Q

Nels Nelson

A
  • Promote stratigraphy

- Layering in sites: superposition: A is younger than B, B

17
Q

Warren K. Moorehead (1866-1939)

A
  • Work on Ohio, New England…
  • “The Force”: the burial sites, give artifacts to the workers if they find them?!
  • Found big objects only (e.g. gouges, celts, thin blades by pickaxe),
    > Destroy the site and take away large pieces
    > BUT not using screen > no fine, or tiny pieces
  • Able to predict for the next burial sites > nail a lot of them
    > Predictive Model: identify cultural area > look for similar evidence
    > NOT concern with spatial relationship (which is much valued today)
18
Q

A. V. Kidder & colleague Earl Morris (in the Southwest)

A
  • Take Nelson’s concepts
  • Interest not only on objects, but also reconstruct the past
  • Field techniques, multidisciplinary, stratigraphy > still use today
    (*Nelson + Kidder)
19
Q

Ceramic seriation

A
  • Organizing styles by time period
20
Q

Artifact typology

A
  • Organizing types of artifacts by time period
21
Q

Caribbean ceramic typology, “simplified” by Rouse

A
  • Plugging in things into the categories:
    E.g. chican ostionoid, Elena ostionoid, Majorcan troumassoid, etc.
    > Misinterpret > miss some info, diversities
    > Not every thing fit perfectly into the categories
    > Has to use typology very carefully
    (Human culture is complicated)
22
Q

***Walter W. Taylor (1913-1997)

1960’s new archeology vs old archeology mentioned

A
  • Wrote A study of archeology in 1948
  • Change the practices and theories
  • Emphasized:
    1) More anthropology in archaeology (i.e. ethnographic analogy)
    2) Quantification of data - use statistics (how many, percentage) rather than making generalist statements based on impressions
    3) Test hypotheses in scientific way - no more digging for sake of digging, rather problem oriented research - excavate to answer research questions broader in scope than simply “how old” and how many museum quality artifacts
    > Have a research plan!!
    4) Use specialists to help extract info frm archaeological artifacts & ecofacts
    5) Study ALL REMAINS - no more biased view based on only a portion of excavated material
    6) Study general cultural laws & processes
23
Q

Lewis Binford (1931-2011)

A
  • Champion of “processual”, or what was called the “new” archaeology
24
Q

William Haviland

A
  • Studied non-elite, commoner burials at Mayan site of Tikal

- Big temple (elite) vs burials (regular ppl) > different?

25
Q

Kathleen Deagan

A
  • Pioneer for women in archaeology.
  • Studied Interaction twin indigenous ppl & Spanish on Hispaniola at the earliest European settlement in the New World

ANTH 024 (21 decks)

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