2.9 Evolution And Sexual Reproduction Flashcards
What organisms perform sexual reproduction
Plants animals and fungi in common and multicellular organisms
How do prokaryotes perform sexual reproduction
They can reproduce by conjugation transformation transduction
What are two ways that genes on shuffle change meiosis
Independent assortment and crossing over/recombination
- They reshuffle jeans
What are the three sexual cycles and explain
Animals, plants and some algae, and fungi and some protists
Polyploid
- Organisms with more that 2 chromosomes
These occur in plants but they can have two or more chromosome pairs
What is the general reproductions cycle steps
Meiosis ( change in ploidy) then diffusion of two haploid gametes( fertilization) then The production of a genetically distinct zygote
Define sex and what does it reflect?
Sex is the categorization of observable phenotypic differences
- sex reflects chromosomes a and genitals present at birth
- varying
What is Gender identity
It is what a person thinks of themselves
What are pathways in genes responsible for
They are responsible for phenotypic presentations of sex which can vary
What are characteristics of male gametes
Male gametes are smaller, capable of moving, genetic information only
Female gametes what are the characteristics
Female gametes are larger, stationary, have genetic information and nutrients
Isogamy and traits
Gametes of the same size
- male and female are equal size and they are the ancestral form
-all organisms use to equal resources to make both gametes
Anisogamy and traits
Gametes of different size
- organisms use equal resources in different ways
- typically the male gamete is smaller than the female gamete
- extremely stable after evolution
How does size of gametes affect reproduction
Initially we had an equal size of gametes but imitation allowed organisms to create smaller gametes so that that used less energy but in return in order for it to become even we had large gametes to compensate for small.
- so small gametes in large gametes fertilized with each other while medium gametes could not fertilize bc it can’t bond with other different size gametes. Imagine 100% scale. Eventually medium gametes died off
Sexual dimorphism
Sexes of the same species exhibit phenotypic differences
Anisogomy drives the evolution of sexual dimorphism
Species with Creator multicellular complexity have a _______
Significantly larger number of derived sexual traits
 which size gametes typically produce organisms
The large gametes typically produce organisms
What is sex paradoxical
Instead of transmitting all your genes you transmit half to descendent
You must find a mate to reproduce
Genetic variation
Shuffles genes
- u cannot select for genetic variation
Novel genotypes
Reshuffling genomes can be good and bad
Increased resistance to parasites
Since we constantly are shuffling our genes it make it harder for parasites to unlock
how does recombination affect mutation
- several beneficial mutations can end up in same individual
- bad mutations also eliminated more quickly

Why do Asexual organisms go extinct more rapidly
Because asexual reproduction produces clones and you need to adaptation for survival to be possible
- no variation no evolution
