2.9 Evolution And Sexual Reproduction

Question 1

What organisms perform sexual reproduction

Answer 1

Plants animals and fungi in common and multicellular organisms

Question 2

How do prokaryotes perform sexual reproduction

Answer 2

They can reproduce by conjugation transformation transduction

Question 3

What are two ways that genes on shuffle change meiosis

Answer 3

Independent assortment and crossing over/recombination

• They reshuffle jeans

Question 4

What are the three sexual cycles and explain

Answer 4

Animals, plants and some algae, and fungi and some protists

Question 5

Polyploid

Answer 5

• Organisms with more that 2 chromosomes

These occur in plants but they can have two or more chromosome pairs

Question 6

What is the general reproductions cycle steps

Answer 6

Meiosis ( change in ploidy) then diffusion of two haploid gametes( fertilization) then The production of a genetically distinct zygote

Question 7

Define sex and what does it reflect?

Answer 7

Sex is the categorization of observable phenotypic differences

• sex reflects chromosomes a and genitals present at birth
• varying

Question 8

What is Gender identity

Answer 8

It is what a person thinks of themselves

Question 9

What are pathways in genes responsible for

Answer 9

They are responsible for phenotypic presentations of sex which can vary

Question 10

What are characteristics of male gametes

Answer 10

Male gametes are smaller, capable of moving, genetic information only

Question 11

Female gametes what are the characteristics

Answer 11

Female gametes are larger, stationary, have genetic information and nutrients

Question 12

Isogamy and traits

Answer 12

Gametes of the same size

• male and female are equal size and they are the ancestral form

-all organisms use to equal resources to make both gametes

Question 13

Anisogamy and traits

Answer 13

Gametes of different size

• organisms use equal resources in different ways
• typically the male gamete is smaller than the female gamete
• extremely stable after evolution

Question 14

How does size of gametes affect reproduction

Answer 14

Initially we had an equal size of gametes but imitation allowed organisms to create smaller gametes so that that used less energy but in return in order for it to become even we had large gametes to compensate for small.

• so small gametes in large gametes fertilized with each other while medium gametes could not fertilize bc it can’t bond with other different size gametes. Imagine 100% scale. Eventually medium gametes died off

Question 15

Sexual dimorphism

Answer 15

Sexes of the same species exhibit phenotypic differences

Anisogomy drives the evolution of sexual dimorphism

Question 16

Species with Creator multicellular complexity have a _______

Answer 16

Significantly larger number of derived sexual traits

Question 17

 which size gametes typically produce organisms

Answer 17

The large gametes typically produce organisms

Question 18

What is sex paradoxical

Answer 18

Instead of transmitting all your genes you transmit half to descendent

You must find a mate to reproduce

Question 19

Genetic variation

Answer 19

Shuffles genes

• u cannot select for genetic variation

Question 20

Novel genotypes

Answer 20

Reshuffling genomes can be good and bad

Question 21

Increased resistance to parasites

Answer 21

Since we constantly are shuffling our genes it make it harder for parasites to unlock

Question 22

how does recombination affect mutation

Answer 22

• several beneficial mutations can end up in same individual
• bad mutations also eliminated more quickly



Question 23

Why do Asexual organisms go extinct more rapidly

Answer 23

Because asexual reproduction produces clones and you need to adaptation for survival to be possible

• no variation no evolution