2.10 Eukaryotes Emerge Flashcards
What’s is a eukaryote
Organisms whose cells contain a nucleus
They belong to it’s own kingdom eukarya
What does dna and rna do?
Dna basically stores
RNA responsible for transcription, replication etc
What is a myth about eukaryotes
That they have a brain but in reality they are just connected together and function as one
What is included in the endomembrane system
Nuclear envelope, er, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes/vesicles/endosomes, plasma membrane
eukaryotes are
They are complex cells
Complex Mc organisms
Plants fungi and animals
Symbiogenesis/endosymbiosis
Leading hypothesis explaining the origin of the eukaryotic cell
What is the process of Endo symbiosis
- We first start off with a prokaryotic cell and a cell membrane infolds increasing surface area
- The end folded membrane create a nucleus in the cell and becomes the first eukaryotes
- aeriobic protobacterium enters the cell (and is not digested). The bacteria evolves and comes mitochondria
- The Aerobic cells evolved and uses oxygen to gain more energy
- Some eukaryotes engulf Cyanobacteria my which evolved into chloroplast
What is the benefit of increased surface area in the cell
Increase surface area means increase fitness and infolds
What are they for the evidences for Endosymbiosis
- Mitochondria and chloroplast have their own DNA and ribosomes
- The cell membranes of mitochondria and chloroplast are more similar to bacteria than eukaryotic organelles
- The cell cannot create new mitochondrion or chloroplast On their ownif they removed
- New mitochondria chloroplast are created by binary fission which is a way that bacteria produce asexually
5 Characteristics of eukaryotes
- They are much larger than prokaryotes
- They contain membrane-bound organelles and cytoskeleton
- Dna in bundles call chromosomes and are stored in nucleus
- Contain mitochondria and sometimes call Chloroplast/plastids
- But they aren’t a difference among plants, animal, fungi , other eukaryotic cells
What’s another word for chloroplasts
Plastids
What is a protist and what are some of its characteristics
It’s basically eukaryotes that is not a plant animal or fungus
- they do not form a clade
What is monophyly
Common ancestor+all living descendants
No Organism left out
What is a paraphyly
Common ancestor but some living descendants
- if some species are shun from biologists so the group entirely is paraphyly
What is polyphyly
Does not include most recent ancestor
- typically a mistake that happened and occurred in mostly older grouu u ps. Mistake bc we use too o organize them bass off of theirs and not genomes
What are the 4 super Eukarya groups?
Excavata, SAR, Archaeplastids, unikonta
All come from one common ancestor
What super groups are protists
Excavata and SAR
Protists are paraphylytic (not including plants, animals and fungi)
What are the major groups key morphological characteristics and some specific examples of Excavata
Major groups: diploma ads and parabasalids, euglenozoans
Characteristics : modified mitochondria like microsomes ( small mitochondria) and hydroenosomes
Examples: giardia (parasites)
Diatom
Protists that include most of oxygenetic photosynthesis located in ocean
Most important photosynthesis
Primary Endo symbiosis
Is the first ancestral eukaryotes eating bacteria becoming mitochondria
Secondary Endo symbiosis
Engulfs red algae to create new protists
What are SAR Major groups, characteristics, examples
Stramwnopiles (hairy and smooth flagella) , aleveolates( membrane enclosed sac) , rhizarians (amobaes with threadlike pseudopodia
Ex plasmodium (parasite causes malaria)
Why are single celled eukaryotes essential in our ecology
Most protists are aquatic so they make up 30% of the worlds photosynthesis
 form symbiotic mutualism‘s with animals