2.10 Eukaryotes Emerge

Question 1

What’s is a eukaryote

Answer 1

Organisms whose cells contain a nucleus
They belong to it’s own kingdom eukarya

Question 2

What does dna and rna do?

Answer 2

Dna basically stores
RNA responsible for transcription, replication etc

Question 3

What is a myth about eukaryotes

Answer 3

That they have a brain but in reality they are just connected together and function as one

Question 4

What is included in the endomembrane system

Answer 4

Nuclear envelope, er, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes/vesicles/endosomes, plasma membrane

Question 5

eukaryotes are

Answer 5

They are complex cells
Complex Mc organisms
Plants fungi and animals

Question 6

Symbiogenesis/endosymbiosis

Answer 6

Leading hypothesis explaining the origin of the eukaryotic cell

Question 7

What is the process of Endo symbiosis

Answer 7

1. We first start off with a prokaryotic cell and a cell membrane infolds increasing surface area
2. The end folded membrane create a nucleus in the cell and becomes the first eukaryotes
3. aeriobic protobacterium enters the cell (and is not digested). The bacteria evolves and comes mitochondria
4. The Aerobic cells evolved and uses oxygen to gain more energy
5. Some eukaryotes engulf Cyanobacteria my which evolved into chloroplast

Question 8

What is the benefit of increased surface area in the cell

Answer 8

Increase surface area means increase fitness and infolds

Question 9

What are they for the evidences for Endosymbiosis

Answer 9

1. Mitochondria and chloroplast have their own DNA and ribosomes
2. The cell membranes of mitochondria and chloroplast are more similar to bacteria than eukaryotic organelles
3. The cell cannot create new mitochondrion or chloroplast On their ownif they removed
4. New mitochondria chloroplast are created by binary fission which is a way that bacteria produce asexually

Question 10

5 Characteristics of eukaryotes

Answer 10

1. They are much larger than prokaryotes
2. They contain membrane-bound organelles and cytoskeleton
3. Dna in bundles call chromosomes and are stored in nucleus
4. Contain mitochondria and sometimes call Chloroplast/plastids
5. But they aren’t a difference among plants, animal, fungi , other eukaryotic cells

Question 11

What’s another word for chloroplasts

Answer 11

Plastids

Question 12

What is a protist and what are some of its characteristics

Answer 12

It’s basically eukaryotes that is not a plant animal or fungus
- they do not form a clade

Question 13

What is monophyly

Answer 13

Common ancestor+all living descendants
No Organism left out

Question 14

What is a paraphyly

Answer 14

Common ancestor but some living descendants

• if some species are shun from biologists so the group entirely is paraphyly

Question 15

What is polyphyly

Answer 15

Does not include most recent ancestor
- typically a mistake that happened and occurred in mostly older grouu u ps. Mistake bc we use too o organize them bass off of theirs and not genomes

Question 16

What are the 4 super Eukarya groups?

Answer 16

Excavata, SAR, Archaeplastids, unikonta

All come from one common ancestor

Question 17

What super groups are protists

Answer 17

Excavata and SAR

Protists are paraphylytic (not including plants, animals and fungi)

Question 18

What are the major groups key morphological characteristics and some specific examples of Excavata

Answer 18

Major groups: diploma ads and parabasalids, euglenozoans
Characteristics : modified mitochondria like microsomes ( small mitochondria) and hydroenosomes
Examples: giardia (parasites)

Question 19

Diatom

Answer 19

Protists that include most of oxygenetic photosynthesis located in ocean

Most important photosynthesis

Question 20

Primary Endo symbiosis

Answer 20

Is the first ancestral eukaryotes eating bacteria becoming mitochondria

Question 21

Secondary Endo symbiosis

Answer 21

Engulfs red algae to create new protists

Question 22

What are SAR Major groups, characteristics, examples

Answer 22

Stramwnopiles (hairy and smooth flagella) , aleveolates( membrane enclosed sac) , rhizarians (amobaes with threadlike pseudopodia

Ex plasmodium (parasite causes malaria)

Question 23

Why are single celled eukaryotes essential in our ecology

Answer 23

Most protists are aquatic so they make up 30% of the worlds photosynthesis
 form symbiotic mutualism‘s with animals