Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > 2.7 Multicellularity > Flashcards

2.7 Multicellularity Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define Emergence

A

Properties that emerge only in parts but must interact with each other to have a function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define Fitness

A

Measure of survival and reproduction of a trait or genotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define Phenotype

A

Observable trait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Fixation

A

Trait or gene or genotype is permanently established

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Convergent evolution

A

Appearance of similar traits not by common ancestry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are microbial mats? And where are there found?

A
  • They are multilayered sheets of prokaryotes and nutrient rich
  • combined with other prokaryotes through their biofilm
    -found shallow seabeds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Microbial mats gave birth to what?

A
  • they gave birth to eukaryotes/multicellularity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the early evidence of life?

A

Microbial mats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 3 stages Microbial mats moved through time?

A
  1. Relied on hydrothermal vents to supply chemical energy
  2. Anoxygenic photosynthesis
    3 oxygen is photosynthesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define anoxygenic photosynthesis

A

By product is not oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

2 Requirements for basic multicullularity

A
  1. Cell to cell adhesion (cells form as as unit)
  2. Intercellular communication ( cells need to talk to each other)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cynokinesis

A

Duplication of cells, elongates, then splits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the 3 classes of multicullarity prokaryotes

A
  1. Filaments
  2. Aggregates
    MMPs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are Filaments and their characteristics

A

Formation of long chains of cells which elongate but do not divide
- linear or branches
- single or multiple layers
- origin of clones
- cell differentiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

MMPs

A

Multicullar Magneotactic prokaryotes

connected by tight intercellular junctions
- prokaryotes
-only obligate multicellular bacteria
-fission of “whole organism”
- out of the 3 classes of multicullaruty in bacteria this is the closest to Mc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cell Differentation

A

Cells that become more specialized

  • cells can be in different shapes and roles
17
Q

MMPs how do they rotate?

A

They rotate through earths magnetic field

18
Q

What are aggregates and characteristics

A

Cells are in bedded in a slimy self produced matrix

  • biofilms and swarms
    -cells with distinct morphologies
    -extracellular matrix
    -cell differentiation
19
Q

Proximate causes

A

Asking ”how”

  • molecular mechanisms
20
Q

Ultimate causes

A

Asking “why”

  • selective advantages
21
Q

Why are bacteria important in the evolution of multicullularity in eukaryotes ?

A

we use bacteria to understand important transitions and how they occur

22
Q

What 2 kind of traits are constrained by physics and natural selection

A
  1. Physical constraints - traits must be possible by physical laws
  2. Selections +. Environment traits constraints - traits must permit organisms to survive and reproduce
23
Q

What new possiblities does MC enable?

A
  1. Differentiation of cells in the division of labor
    - more efficient use of resources
  2. Development of structures in different organisms
  3. Intelligence and thought
24
Q

2 Disadvantages of MC

A
  1. The cost of energy
    • costed energy To make new molecules and communicate
      • wasn’t able to synthesize new molecules with oxygen tic photosynthesis bc it wouldn’t be able to sustain metabolic process with methane as energy
  2. Physical limitations
    - less freedom of movement internally (pH inside your body cannot change or u die)
25
Q

4 Advantages of being MC

A
  1. Resistant to environmental changes
  2. Improve nutrient utilization
    - capture energy easier
  3. Resistant to predators
    - resistant to being engulfed
  4. Division of labor
    - Efficient resource use
26
Q

What 6 eukaryotes groups did complex mc evolve in

A
  1. Brown algae
  2. Green algae
  3. Red algae
    4. Fungi
    5.Animals
  4. Plants
27
Q

What are the 3 theory’s of how complex Mc evolved

A
  1. Symbiotic theory
  2. Colonial theory
  3. Cellularization theory
28
Q

Symbiotic theory

A

Cooperation of different species of unicellular organisms with different roles

29
Q

Colonial theory

A

Cooperation of the same unicellular species as in slime molds

30
Q

Cellularization theory

A

A single unicellular organism with multiple nuclei developed within one Nuclei

  • eukaryotes
31
Q

Importance of ecology

A
  • increase in oxygen levels correlates with rise in mc
  • mc reduces predation
32
Q

Endless cycle in ecology

A

As environment changes, organisms grow larger then environment changes more etc.

Biology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions