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Molecular BIO > 29-30 multicellular organism developmetn > Flashcards

29-30 multicellular organism developmetn Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

why do cells undergo differentiation during developmetn?

A

differentiation provides different tissues to perform different tasks

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2
Q

Stages of embryo develpment

A
  1. proliferation
  2. specialization
  3. interact with cells
  4. movement
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3
Q

WHat does it mean if cells have memory?

A

they retain signals from previous embryonic development.

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4
Q

What is ectoderm

A

sheet of epithelial cells that form the nervous system and epidermis.

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5
Q

The endoderm is what

A

forms from the ectoderm folding in, and will become the gut, lung, and liver

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6
Q

What is mesoderm

A

the layer between ectoderm and endoderm. forms the connective tissue and muscle

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7
Q

Gastrulation

A

formation of a gut structure from a sphere of cells

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8
Q

what proteins class are important for development

A

cell adhesion, signaling proteins, gene regulatory proteins

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9
Q

what is a non-coding regulatory DNA?

A

instructions to form multicellular organism that associates with each gene

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10
Q

what is a non-coding sequence

A

sequence of DNA that will not code for anything, but makes organisms unique from one another.

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11
Q

why are non-coding sequences inmportatn for DNA

A

coding seqeunces are very similar . non-coding provides uniqueness to organism

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12
Q

when does a cell make a develpmental decision

A

before showing signs of differentiation

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13
Q

what does a cell do before showing signs of differentiation

A

developmental decision must be made

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14
Q

what is a determined cells

A

cell that is not influenced to differentiate by environmental factors

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15
Q

completely undetermined cells

A

cells undergo rapid changes due to altering environments

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16
Q

committed cells

A

cells contain some form of another cell type but are still influenced by changing environment

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17
Q

positional value

A

position specific character of a cell

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18
Q

is positional value a memory of the cell

A

yes

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19
Q

what is the relevance of a cells ability to maintain memory of a positional value?

A

allows an arm to be relocated to a thigh, and development will still continue as an arm

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20
Q

how can cells become different

A

asymmetric division, has an unequal distribution of molecules and then can directly alter patterns of gene expression among the 2 cells

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21
Q

where are the most important environmental signals normally from

A

neighboring cells

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22
Q

what is inductive signaling

A

induction of a different developmental program in select cells of a homogenous group which changes the groups character

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23
Q

What are the different types of inductive signaling present?

A
  1. short range: cell-cell contact

2. Long-range: these substances diffuses through ECM

24
Q

What provides cells with memory and amplifies the weak asymmetry initiated by the environment

A

positive feedback

25
Q

what provides cells with memory

A

positive feedback

26
Q

what is a morphogen

A

long range inductive signal that imposes patterns on fields of cells based on concentration gradients

27
Q

what type of gradient can morphogens form?

A

inducer and inhibitor. both diffuse away from the source, but inhibitor can block activity of the inducer

28
Q

what is teh result of inductive events that stimulate signaling pathways

A

altering DNA transcription

29
Q

what is signaling pathway dependent on in terms of resposne time

A

spatial and temporal expression of different gene sets

30
Q

phases of neural development and function

A
  1. phase 1: deifferent cell types develop independently at varying locations based on local signals

Phase 2: axons and dendrties grow along specific routes forming provisional ordered network of connections

phase 3: connections are adjusted and refined through different interactions with distant regions and electrical signals

31
Q

where does the neural tube develop into

A

the cns

32
Q

what does the neural crest cell develop into

A

pns

33
Q

what is the process for neural tube formation

A

neural groove, neural fold, neural tube as the folds meet up in midline. neural canal is the hollowed- out portion inside the tube

34
Q

what provides lateral inhibtion of the neural tube

A

delta notch signaling

35
Q

where do neural crest cells originate

A

from the dorsal end of the neural tube

36
Q

when will neural crest cells begin theif migration

A

after neurlation, when the neural tube closes

37
Q

what different cells types does the neural crest provide?

A
  1. neurons/glial cells of PNS
  2. catecholamine producing cells in adrenal gladn
  3. skeletal and connective tissue components for the head
38
Q

how do neurons migrate?

A

crawl along the radial glial cells that extend from the inner to outer end of the neural tube

39
Q

what are the different type of neurons that develop in the spinal cord

A
  1. dorsal: sensory
  2. ventral: motor
  3. intermediate: interneurons
40
Q

what is teh growth cone

A

it uses chemotaxis to migrate through tissue. leaves a trail of axon-specific proteins to allow for axon growth, along this trail

41
Q

what controls where the growth cone goes?

A

filopodia and lamelopodia which use monomeric GTPases Rho and Rac to control actin assembly

42
Q

What do growth cones use to migrate through tissue along the proper path?

A

extracellular matrix environment and chemotactic factors

43
Q

what specific components are used in extracellular matrix migration of the growth cones

A

immunoglobulin superfamily and cadherin family class receptors.

chondroitin sulfate inhibits growth.

44
Q

homophilic cell adhesion molecules mediate growth cone movement via extracellular matrix mechanisms

A

yes

45
Q

what are teh attracting chemotactic factors for growth cone

A

netrin

46
Q

what are the repulsive chemotactic factors for growth cone

A

slit and samphorin. the combination of these provides a single slot that the growth cone will migrate in between

47
Q

what happens when netrin binds with its receptor?

A

opens the transient receptor potential C channels, which release large amounts of calcium. this activates teh movement of the growth cone, by activating filopodia

48
Q

where are netrin receptors not located and what is the significance of this

A

not located on non-commissural neurons. prevents migration of neurons to the floor plate

49
Q

where is slit secreted from

A

midline cells

50
Q

what repulsive receptor is found on commissural neurons

A

roundabout with binds with slit

51
Q

what do neurotrophic factors have control over?

A

communicating and forming synapses with target cells when they reach their destination. tissue signals regulate the growth cone synapses and where

52
Q

what happens to neurons that do not receive enough neurotrophic factors from the target tisseu

A

the neurons die via apoptosis

53
Q

true/fasle

target cells produce the limited amount of neurotrophic factors that are required for neuron survival

A

true

54
Q

what is nerve growth factor

A

neurotrophic factor that belongs to neurotrophins and binds with tyrosine kinase A

55
Q

what is the function of nerve growth factor

A

promote survival of sensory and parasympathetic neurons

56
Q

what are the short term effects of nerve growth factor

A

act on nerve growth cone and neurite extensions. cause local, rapid, and independent communication with the cell body

57
Q

What are the effects of long term nerve growth factor

A

promote cell survival. use receptor-mediated endocytosis to enter cells and stimulate downstream effects

Molecular BIO (24 decks)

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