28a. pitch & music (ch 12) Flashcards

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1
Q

Octave def? How many notes? Ex?

A
  • A sequence of notes in which the fundamental frq of the last note is DOUBLE the fundamental frq of the first note
  • 13 notes!
    –> 12 natural
    –> 5 sharps/flats
  • A4 = 220 Hz
  • A5 = 440 Hz
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2
Q

Semitones def?

A

The 12 proportionally equivalent intervals between the notes in an octave

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3
Q

What does it mean that semitones are perceptually equivalent?

A
  • difference in PITCH between successive notes is perceived as constant
  • actual difference in fund. FRQ is increasing as notes increase in frequency
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4
Q

What is the relation between notes separated by octaves? (ex. C3, C4, C5…?)

A
  • they are all integer multiples of the SAME fundamental frequency
  • each octave is an increase of DOUBLE

(C3 x2 = C4)

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5
Q

Tone chroma def? AKA? How is it shown on the helix?

A
  • refers to the differences in pitch within an octave
  • AKA “pitch class”
  • represented by the letters (A-G) and by the color of the helix
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6
Q

Tone height def? How is it shown on the helix?

A
  • refers to the octave in which a tone appears
  • represented by the numbers (higher numbers = higher frq) and vertical height of the helix
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7
Q

Octave generalization? LIMITATION?

A
  • we can recognize tunes/melodies when they’re played in ANY different octaves
  • LIMIT:
  • the octaves of the notes in the melody must be consistent
  • can’t recognize songs if the notes are played in several different, mixed octaves
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8
Q

Transpositions def?

A
  • 2 versions of the same melody, containing the same intervals but starting at diff. notes
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9
Q

Harmonicity def?

A

The extent to which the harmonics of notes played in combination (simultaneously or sequentially) coincide with the harmonics of a note with a lower fundamental frequency

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10
Q

Harmonicity: class examples of consonance vs dissonance?

A
  • C & G are consonant –> they have harmonics that coincide with the harmonics of a lower note “Q”
  • (C & G’s harmonics sometimes overlap)
  • C & D flat are dissonant –> their harmonics never overlap
  • there is no lower note that coincides with both C & D flat
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11
Q

Which side of the brain is more active for processing changes in pitch? For processing timing of sounds? conclusion?*

A
  • RIGHT = pitch
  • LEFT = timing
  • indirect evidence that there may be specialized regions of the brain for music and speech processing
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12
Q

Which side of the brain is more specialized for speech? for music? **

A
  • RIGHT = speech
  • LEFT = music
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13
Q

What is the tritone paradox? Best explanation for why?

A
  • change in pitch that is 1/2 an octave
  • ex. C –> F#
  • some people perceive that change as ascending, and some perceive it as descending
  • it’s actually arbitrary
    –> component frqs are split evenly higher/lower than the original C
  • best explanation: linked to the type of speech you heard as a child
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14
Q

Circularity in perceived pitch meaning?

A
  • you can create sounds / sound patterns that seem like they’re increasing in pitch, but really aren’t
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15
Q

Periodicity pitch AKA virtual pitch def? How?

A
  • the constancy of a complex tone’s pitch when the fundamental frequency (and/or other lower harmonics) are eliminated
  • the diff. between each harmonic IS the fund. frq, so we assume that’s the original
  • *has to be exact multiples, not just the right intervals
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