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Biology 1407 > 28- Fungi > Flashcards

28- Fungi Flashcards

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1
Q

Fungi

A
  • “unified diversity”
  • All are absorptive heterotrophs
    - predators, parasites & mutualists (living tissues)
    - saprobes (dead tissues)
  • All contain Chitin in cell walls
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2
Q

Yeasts

A

-Unicellular, free-living fungi

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3
Q

Multicellular filaments

A

(Vast majority)

-have hyphae, which are small filaments that grow through soil to form an interwoven mat called a mycelium

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4
Q

Chitin

A
  • A strong, but flexible nitrogen containing polysaccharide

- forms the cell wall of fungi and the exoskeleton of Arthropoda

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5
Q

Mycelium

A
  • fungal mat formed by hyphae

- increases surface area, for absorbing nutrients

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6
Q

Septate hyphae

A
  • hyphae have cross walls (septa) that section off portions of the hyphae
  • hyphae have pores for nutrients and organelles to move through (not nuclei)
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7
Q

Coencytic hyphae

A
  • hyphae lack septa, so they are on mass of cytoplasm containing many nuclei
  • results from mitosis but no cytokinesis
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8
Q

Decomposers

A
  • leave behind organic materials that other organisms can use
  • clean up dead organisms
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9
Q

Parasites

A
  • produce specialized hyphae called haustoria
    - branching projections that push through the cell walls of plants and extract nutrients
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10
Q

Pathogens

A
  • Mycoses (infections from fungi)
    - Pneumonia
    - yeast infections
    - ring worm and athletes foot
    - Amphibian decline
    - agricultural crop infections
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11
Q

Predators

A

-may posses looped hyphae that function as snares

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12
Q

Lichens

A
  • not 1 organism, but a combination of a species of fungus, and either a Cyanobacteria or photosynthetic algae
  • millions of of photosynthetic cells suspended in fungal mycelium
    • Crustose (crust-like)
    • foliose (leafy)
    • fruiticose (shrub-like)
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13
Q

Mycorrhizae

A

-have mutualism with plants to exchange nutrients
*haustoria share nutrients instead of just extract like in parasites \
2 types…

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14
Q

Ectomycorrhizae

A

-fungus wraps around root tips (mass is often large)
-penetrates root and wraps around individual cells but does not go through their cell walls
(Short, swollen, and club-shaped)

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15
Q

Arbuscular mycorrhizae

A
  • enter the root and penetrate cell walls of root cells, forming tree-like structures inside the cell wall, but outside the cell membrane
  • greatly increase plants ability to absorb water and minerals
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16
Q

Fungal reproduction

A
  • Both Sexual and Asexual
    - spend most of their lives in an asexual state
  • Asexual:
    - production of haploid spores within sporangium
    - production of haploid spores at the tips of hyphae (Conidia in sac fungi)
    - cell division by unicellular fungi
    - mitotic growth and fragmentation of the mycelium
17
Q

Sexual reproduction

A
  • have mating types (instead of male and female), any two different types can reproduce
  • hyphae from 2 different mycelia meet and release pheromones to determine if compatible
  • if so, they fuse their hyphae (plasmogamy)
    • nuclei pair up but do not fuse (heterokaryon)
    • Dikaryotic state occurs when the nuclei pair off (two to a cell) but still do not fuse, only in Ascomycota and Basidiomycota
  • nuclei from 2 mycelia then fuse (karyogamy)
  • then immediately undergo meiosis to produce haploid spores
18
Q

Diversity

A

-6 groups *likely paraphyletic

    - Microsporidia
    - Chytrids* (Chytridiomycota)
    - zygospore* (zygomycota)
    - Arbuscular Mychorrhizae (Glomeromycota)
    - Sac Fungi (Ascomycota)
    - Club Fungi (Basiodiomycota)
19
Q

Microsporidia

A
  • Unicellular (highly reduced)
  • lack mitochondria, have mitosomes (no DNA in mitosome)
  • Chitin cell wall
  • obligate parasites
    - have a “polar tube” which grows from the spore, which the fungi use to inject spore contents into host
20
Q

Chytrids

A
  • Decomposers and parasites
  • early divergence from fungal ancestors,
    - still have chitin cell wall, and some form hyphae in colonies
  • only fungi with flagellated zoospore gametes
21
Q

Zygospore fungi

A
  • decmoposers (molds), parasites, and commensal symbionts with animals
  • have coencytic hyphae
    - septa only found where reproductive cells form

Asexual Reproduction :
-forms sporangium to disperse haploid spores
Sexual Reproduction:
1) Hyphae from different mycelium form a zygosporangium, in which karyogamy and meiosis occur (can remain in this stage for a long time)
2) This zygospore then begins to sprout sporangiophores, which contain haploid spores
3) the haploid spores then turn into haploid hyphae

22
Q

Glomeromycota

A
  • almost all form arbuscular mycorrhizae

* 90% of all plant species form symbiotic relationships with glomerocetes

23
Q

Dikarya

A

*when karyogamy occurs long after plasmogamy (n + n)

  • 2 different haploid nuclei coexist & divide independently within each cell of a septate hyphae
  • eventually produces a complex fruiting structure where karyogamy occurs in specialized cells
24
Q

Ascomycota (sac-fungi)

A
  • produce “ascospores” in sac-like “Asci” during sexual reproduction
  • the asci are located in a fruiting body called an “Ascocarp”

-some are unicellular, but there are many elaborate multicellular structures (Morels,Truffles & cup fungi)

Asexual reproduction
-Budding
-or produce spores (conidia) at the tips of specialized hyphae (conidiophores)
Sexual Reproduction:
1) 2 hyphae of different mating strains fuse (plasmogamy)
2)forms dikaryotic cells with 2 haploid nuclei
3)cells at the tips of dikaryotic hyphae form asci which each contain 8 ascospores
*All formed within the ascocarp

25
Q

Basidiomycota (club fungi)

A
  • common fungi that decompose dead organisms material (mushrooms)
  • some form mycorrhizae, and some are plant parasites
  • The Basidium is the specialized cell in which karyogamy occurs
    - a club-shaped cell where meiosis occurs to generate 4 haploid basiodiospores per basidium

Reproduction

  • most reproduce only sexually, some have asexual cycles
  • the long-lived dikaryotic mycelium produces a fruiting body called a basidiocarp (mushroom)

1) cytoplasm streams from dikaryotic mycelium to the tips of hyphae to form the basidiocarp
2) the basidiocarp produces many basidia on gills under the cap-like structures (each basidia carries out karyogamy)
3) each diploid nucleus resulting from karyogamy then divides meiotically to produce 4 haploid nuclei
4) each haploid nuclei is placed in an appendage to form 4 basidiospores

26
Q

Usefulness of fungi

A
  • Ecosystem nutrient cycling
  • Food & drink production (baker’s/Brewer’s Yeast)
  • defense against disease
  • indicators of air quality (lichens)
  • Remediation of pollution
  • aid in reforestation
  • model organisms for labs

Biology 1407 (10 decks)

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