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Biology 1407 > 24- Bacteria, Archea & Viruses > Flashcards

24- Bacteria, Archea & Viruses Flashcards

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1
Q

the prokaryotic cell

A
  • all unicellular
  • no nucleus/membrane-bound organelles
  • replicate via binary fission
  • often have 1 single chromosome (haploid)
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2
Q

Plasmids

A
  • smaller DNA loops in Prokaryotes

- often contain specialized alleles

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3
Q

Lateral gene transfer

A
  • transfer of genes from one species to another species in the same generation
  • 3 mechanisms:
    - transformation
    - transduction
    - conjugation
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4
Q

Transformation

A
  • prokaryote uptakes foreign DNA for outside of cell via proteins which recognize DNA of similar species
  • Then integrates new DNA into its own, changing its genotype/phenotype
  • the foreign DNA come from a Lysed cell
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5
Q

Transduction

A
  • bacteriophages transfer DNA of one host to another (accidentally)
  • usually an error in viral replication
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6
Q

Conjugation

A

-DNA transfer from one prokaryote to another via a sex pilus which temporarily joins 2members of the same species

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7
Q

Shape (domain bacteria)

A
  • cocci (spherical)
  • bacillus (rod-shaped)
  • spiral (spiral-form)
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8
Q

Organizational arrangements (domain bacteria)

A
  • diplo- (2)
  • strepto- (chains)
  • Stahpylo- (clusters/packets)
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9
Q

Colony morphology (domain bacteria)

A
  • a macroscopic structure of bacteria is often easier to identify
  • form, margin, & elevation
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10
Q

Cell surface features (domain bacteria)

A
  • Gram positive (thick layer of peptidoglycan)

- Gram negative (thin layer of peptidoglycan between 2 membranes)

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11
Q

Hadobacteria

A
  • high temperature clade

- some can withstand radiation & degrade nuclear waste

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12
Q

Hyperthermophillic bacteria

A
  • live in places hotter than hadobacteria (volcanic vents & hot springs)
  • some live in underground oil reserves
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13
Q

Firmicutes Bateria

A

-most are gram positive
-some produce endospores
(Anthrax/staph infections)

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14
Q

Endospore

A

A resting structure (dormant cell) that can survive harsh conditions, and reanimate when conditions are better

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15
Q

Actinobacteria

A
  • most are pathogenic
  • produce antibodies
  • gram-positive
  • develop highly branched filaments
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16
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

(Blue-green bacteria)

  • first photosynthesizers
    - used chlorophyll a and releases O2
  • many nitrogen fixers
  • colonies have heteromorphic cells
17
Q

heteromorphic cells

A
  • vegetative cell
    - for growth & photosynthesis
  • Endospores
  • Heterocysts
    - for nitrogen fixation
18
Q

Spirochete bacteria

A

-gram negative
-spiral shape
-have axial filaments for movement
-many are parasitic
(Syphillis/Lyme disease)

19
Q

Chlamydia bacteria

A
  • very small
  • obligate parasites
  • complex life cycle that has 2 forms of cells
    • reticulate bodes
    • elementary bodies
  • many diseases
20
Q

Proteobacteria

A
  • largest and most diverse clade
  • mostly gram negative
  • Use light energy to metabolize high energy sulfur bonds
  • Nitrogen fixers
  • E. Coli
  • many pathogens (salmonella/bubonic plague)
21
Q

Domain Archea

A
  • much less well known
  • many extremophiles
  • Lokiarcheata is the closest living relative of domain Eukarya
  • lack peptidoglycan, and contain distinct lipids that are unique to this domain
22
Q

Extreme Archean habitats

A
  • thermophiles (high heat)
  • acidophiles (low pH)
  • methanogens (produce methane when they reduce CO2 for energy)
  • halophiles (high salinity)
23
Q

Nutritional adaptations of eukaryotes

A
  • Photoautotroph (light & CO2)
  • photoheterotroph (light & organic compounds)
  • chemoautotroph (inorganic compounds & CO2)
  • chemoheterotroph (organic compounds & organic compounds)

*photoheterotrophs & chemoautotrophs are only found in prokaryotes

24
Q

Metabolic adaptations of prokaryotes

A
  • obligate aerobes
    • Must use O2 for cellular respiration
  • obligate anaerobes
    • poisoned by O2, must live in oxygen-free environment
  • facultative anaerobes
    • use O2 if present, but can also utilize anaerobic metabolic pathways
25
Q

Nitrogen fixation

A
  • Eukaryotes can use very few forms of nitrogen
    • like ammonia NH3
  • some prokaryotes convert N2 to NH3 (nitrogen fixers)
    • lead to symbiotic relationshipships
26
Q

Pathogenic bacteria

A
  • cause disease primarily from releasing toxins
    • exotoxins
      - proteins releases by living bacteria
    • endotoxins
      - liposaccharides released when certain bacteria grow or die

Biology 1407 (10 decks)

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