20-reconstructing And Using Phylogenies

Question 1

The evolutionary history of relationships between organisms

Answer 1

Phylogeny

Question 2

Diagramic reconstruction of evolutionary history

Answer 2

Phylogenic tree

Question 3

A series of ancestor and descendant populations

Answer 3

Lineage

Question 4

A split or node in a phylogenetic tree represents…

Answer 4

Where an ancestral lineage has split into two descendant lineages

Question 5

Any group of species designated with a name (on a phylogenetic tree)

Answer 5

Taxon (taxa)

Question 6

Clade

Answer 6

Taxon consisting of all evolutionary descendants and the common ancestor (monophyletic clade)

Question 7

Two species/clades who are each others close/closest relatives

Answer 7

Sister species/sister clade

Question 8

the study and classification of biodiversity

Answer 8

Systematics

Question 9

Phylogenic trees are useful because…

Answer 9

They are the basis for comparative biology

Question 10

Any features shared by two or more species that have been inherited from a common ancestor

Answer 10

Homologous traits

Question 11

Ancestral trait

Answer 11

Possessed by common ancestor and all taxa on tree

-plesiomorphic

Question 12

Derived trait

Answer 12

Possessed by some but not all taxa

• not possessed by common ancestor
• apomorphic

Question 13

Special apomorphy shared by 2 or more taxa

Answer 13

Synapomorphies

Question 14

When similar traits evolve independently in different lineages

Answer 14

Convergent evolution

• creates analogous traits
• (homoplasies)

Question 15

When a character reverts from a derived state back to its ancestral state

Answer 15

Evolutionary reversal

• creates analogous traits
• (homoplasies)

Question 16

Group of organisms of primary interest

Answer 16

Ingroup

Question 17

A species or group that is closely related to the ingroup but is known to be phylogenetically outside it

Answer 17

Outgroup

-used to compare with ingroup

Question 18

The preferred explanation of observed data is the simplest one

Answer 18

Parsimony principle

Question 19

What sources of data are used for phylogenies?

Answer 19

• morphology
• development
• paleontology
• behavior
• molecular data

Question 20

Uses the average rate at which a gene accumulates changes to gauge the time of divergence in a particular phylogeny

Answer 20

Molecular clock

Question 21

A group of closely related species

Answer 21

Genus

Question 22

Group contains ancestor and all descendants

Answer 22

Monophyletic (goal)

Question 23

Group that does not include common ancestor

Answer 23

Polyphyletic

Question 24

Group that Includes ancestor but not all descendants

Answer 24

Paraphyletic

Question 25

Method for identifying homologous positions in DNA sequences by identifying deletions and insertions

Answer 25

Sequence alignment techniques

Question 26

Special apomorphy present in only one taxa

Answer 26

Autapomorphy