2.8 Disease, Defence and Treatment Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the cell wall of a bacterial cell made of?

A

Murein (not cellulose)

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2
Q

Where is the DNA in a bacterial cell?

A

It floats loose in the cytoplasm

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3
Q

Structure of a virus

A

Genes in a protein coat

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4
Q

Ways in which communicable diseases can be spread

A

Contact, body fluids, aerosol infection, water, insects, contaminated food

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5
Q

What is the causative agent of HIV/AIDS?

A

The human immunodeficiency virus

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6
Q

HIV effect

A

HIV infects the white blood cells and damages the immune system, so that when other infections take hold They are fatal, as immune system can’t respond.

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7
Q

Prevention of HIV/AIDS

A

Condoms, avoid sharing needles, wearing surgical gloves when treating bleeding

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8
Q

Causative agent of chlamydia

A

Bacterium
Chlamydia trachomatis
Transmitted during unprotected sex

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9
Q

Chlamydia effect

A

Mostly symptomless
causes pain when urinating, unusual discharge, painful testicles, vaginal bleeding
leads to long-term health problems

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10
Q

Means of prevention of chlamydia

A

Using a condom during sexual intercourse

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11
Q

Causative agent of malaria

A

Single celled parasite
Plasmodium
Spread by mosquitoes 🦟

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12
Q

Malaria effects

A

Sweats and chills, vomiting, diarrhoea can be fatal

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13
Q

Methods of prevention of malaria

A
  • Use mosquito nets at night
    -use insect repellent lotions
  • drain swampy areas where mosquitoes breed
  • use insecticide to kill mosquitoes in homes
  • Take antimalarial tablets when travelling (only effective for tourists as no long-term immunity)
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14
Q

How does the body defend itself against disease

A
  • Intact skin forms a barrier against microorganisms
  • Blood clots seal off the entrance to the body while the skin heals
  • White blood cells attack invading micro organisms
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15
Q

What do phagocytes do?

A

Ingest microorganisms and digest them

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16
Q

What do lymphocytes do

A

Produce antibodies, which destroy microorganisms
Produce anti-toxins which neutralise poisons produced by pathogens

17
Q

What are antigens?

A

Pattern of molecules on the surface of all cells

18
Q

Purpose of antigens

A

All the cells in your body have identical antigens
if a white blood cell encounters a cell with an incorrect pattern of antigens it will attack it

19
Q

The antibody produced depends on

A

The antigen detected

20
Q

How do memory cells work?

A

After an antigen has been encountered memory cells remain in the body antibodies are produced very quickly. If the same antigen is encountered again, this memory provides immunity, following an actual infection or vaccination. This response is highly specific as antibodies specific to antigens

21
Q

Factors influencing parents decisions to vaccinate children

A

Can hurt and scare them
Have side-effects
scare stories (mmr) put them off

22
Q

How do vaccines work?

A

A vaccine contains antigens derived from a pathogen
It stimulates the lymphocytes produce antibodies to the antigen, building up memory cells so the body becomes immune
Booster injections may be needed to build up enough memory cells

23
Q

What do antibiotics do?

A

Cure bacterial disease by killing bacteria, or preventing their growth, they do not kill viruses

24
Q

Why is the rate of natural selection increased in bacteria

A

Extensive use of antibiotics

25
Q

How to prevent infection of MRSA?

A

Patients entering hospital and screened for MRSA
Staff and visitors wash, hands regularly good hygiene in general
Stringent hygiene methods are taken with body openings or wounds

26
Q

How to slow natural selection

A

Doctors avoid prescribing antibiotics wherever possible
Doctors vary the type of antibiotic as much as possible as extensive use of a single antibiotic increases risk of resistance

27
Q

Stages in testing of drug treatments - pre-clinical testing

A
  1. Drug tested on human cells, grown in a lab
  2. Drug tested on animals monitored for side-effects
  3. Clinical trial- Tested and healthy volunteers in low doses
  4. More clinical trials to find the optimum dose
28
Q

Clinical testing of drug treatments

A

Trialled with people with the disease to see if the drug is more or less effective than current treatments

29
Q

Ethical issues of animal testing

A

Is the need for it superseded by new technologies?

30
Q

Why are monoclonal antibodies called monoclonal antibodies?

A

They all respond to the same antigen

31
Q

Summary of monoclonal antibodies

A

Lymphocytes can be cultured in the lab and induced to produce antibodies
activated lymphocytes continually divide, producing a very large number of cells.
scientists can therefore obtain large quantities of a specific antibody

32
Q

Obtaining monoclonal antibodies steps

A
  1. The antigen the antibody is to be used for is injected into a mouse
  2. The mouse’s white blood cells produce the specific antibodies. Many of these white blood cells are found in and collected from the spleen
  3. These cells are fused with myeloma to form hybridoma cells. Myeloma are cancerous cells so they divide continually
  4. Hybridoma cells are grown and left over myeloma cells die
  5. The antibodies are extracted from the culture medium (the cells) by centrifugation, filtration and chromatography
33
Q

Uses of monoclonal antibodies

A

Diagnosis of diseases, e.g. chlamydia, and HIV
Monoclonal antibodies will attacked to specific cells or viruses, thereby detecting the disease by using chemical labels to indicate when it’s attached to a virus. E.g. colour change
Identify different tissue types for transplants
Antibody designed to recognise antigens on a patients cells and detects similar antigens on a potential donor’s
detect malaria - monitor spread of malaria
supporting chemotherapy for cancers
Monoclonal antibodies specific to cancer cells have a drug attached that will kill them. This makes chemotherapy better targeted.

34
Q

Why do scientists need to continuously create antibiotics

A

To replace antibiotics that bacteria are resistant to