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biology unit 2 > 2.5 Response and Regulation > Flashcards

2.5 Response and Regulation Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

Sense organ defintion

A

Groups of receptor cells which detect and respond to stimuli

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2
Q

List stimuli

A

Light, sound, touch, temperature, chemicals

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3
Q

What does each group of receptor cells respond to

A

A specific stimulus

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4
Q

components of the nervous sytstem

A

brain, spinal cord and nerves

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5
Q

components of central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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6
Q

How the CNS works

A

Body senses a stimulus
Sense organ sends an electrical impulse along a nerve to the CNS
CNS sends an impulse along a nerve to the appropriate part of the body
This part of the body reacts; this reaction is called a response

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7
Q

Reflex action properties

A

Fast, involuntary and protective

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8
Q

Stimulus defintion

A

A change in the environment that can be detected

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9
Q

Receptor defintion

A

An organ that detects the stimulus

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10
Q

Coordinator definition

A

Detects the signal from the receptor and sends a signal to the effector

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11
Q

Effector defintion

A

The part of the body (usually a muscle) that carries out/produces the response

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12
Q

Response defintion

A

The action carried out

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13
Q

Sensory neurone

A

from receptor to spinal cord

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14
Q

relay neurone

A

from sensory neurone to motor neurone

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15
Q

motor neurone

A

from relay neurone to effector

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16
Q

synapse

A

the tiny gap the impulse travels across

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17
Q

5 steps of a reflex arc

A
  1. The stimulus is received/detected by the receptor
  2. An impulse is sent along the sensory neurone to the spinal cord
  3. The impulse moved across a tiny gap (synapse) to the relay neurone
  4. The relay neurone transmits the signal to the motor neurone via another synapse
  5. The motor neurone stimulates the effector (muscle) to respond
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18
Q

Function of the retina

A

Has light sensitive cells that detect light

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19
Q

Optic nerve

A

Conveys nerve impulses from the retina to the brain

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20
Q

Blind spot

A

The gap in the retina where the optic nerve is attached to (your brain fills it in)

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21
Q

Sclera function

A

Tough white protective outer layer

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22
Q

Cornea

A

the transparent area of outer coating to let light in

23
Q

Lens function

A

Focuses light onto the retina by changing shape

24
Q

Pupil

A

gap in the iris through which light passes

25
Q

Iris

A

coloured part - contracts and relaxes to change shape to adjust the size of the pupil therefore amount of light let in

26
Q

choroid function

A

black layer which reduces internal reflection - prevents light from being detected multiple times as black doesn’t reflect light

27
Q

What are tropisms

A

Growth towards or away from a stimulus

28
Q

What is phototropism

A

Growth in response to light
Shoots grow towards light (positive phototropism), roots grow away from light (negative phototropism)

29
Q

What is gravitropism

A

Growth in response to the pull of gravity
Roots grow towards the pull of gravity (positive gravitropism), shoots grow away from the pull of gravity (negative gravitropism)

30
Q

Name of the hormone that causes tropisms in plants

A

auxin

31
Q

What hormone controls how the kidneys absorb water

A

Anti-diuretic hormone

32
Q

Homeostasis defintion

A

The maintenance of a constant internal environment (despite changing environmental conditions)

33
Q

Why must animals regulate conditions inside the body

A

To keep them relatively constant and protected from harmful effects
To ensure optimum conditions for chemical reactions and the enzymes that control them

34
Q

What are hormones

A

chemical messengers carried by the blood which control body functions - for medium and long term regulation

35
Q

What do hormones regulate - examples

A

temperature, water content, glucose levels

36
Q

What happens with type 1 diabetes

A

body stops producing insulin

37
Q

cause of type 1 diabetes

A

body overreacting to a certain virus; immune system destroys insulin producing cells

38
Q

treatment of type 1 diabetes

A

injection of insulin before every meal
diet carefully managed (carbohydrate must match insulin injected)
patient tests blood glucose levels several times a day

39
Q

type 2 diabetes wahat happens

A

body no longer responds to insulin

40
Q

cause of type 2 diabetes

A

being overweight or obese

41
Q

treatment of type 2 diabetes

A

drugs or being careful with diet

42
Q

What happens to the blood vessels at the surface of the skin in cold conditions

A

Vasoconstriction- Blood vessels
in the skin get narrower so less
heat is lost from the blood to the
environment.

43
Q

Shivering

A

Shivering- Involuntary
contraction of the muscles
increases respiration and the
release of heat energy.

44
Q

What do the hairs do in cold conditions

A

Hairs stand on end to trap a
layer of insulating air over skin
reducing heat loss

45
Q

What do the hairs do in hot conditions

A

Hairs lie flat

46
Q

Sweating

A

A layer of liquid sweat
made by sweat glands, carried
up by sweat ducts and released
by sweat pores onto the skin
and evaporates removing heat
energy.

47
Q

What happens to blood vessels in hot conditions

A

Vasodilation- Blood vessels in
the skin widen so more heat
from the blood is lost to the
environment.

48
Q

What happens to blood glucose concentration when you eat carbohydrate

A

High blood glucose concentration

49
Q

What happens when there is a high blood glucose concentration

A

Pancreas releases hormone insulin

50
Q

What does insulin tell the liver to do

A

Liver turns excess glucose into insoluble glycogen and stores it; this makes blood glucose levels go down to normal level

51
Q

What does the liver turn excess glucose into

A

insoluble glycogen

52
Q

What happens to blood glucose concentration when you respire

A

Low blood glucose concentration

53
Q

What happens when there is a low blood glucose concentration

A

Pancreas releases hormone glucagon (glucose is gone!)

54
Q

What does glucagon tell the liver to do

A

Liver turns glycogen back into glucose and releases it into blood stream; this makes blood glucose levels go up to normal level

biology unit 2 (9 decks)

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