2.8

Question 1

How does blood glucose levels differ between someone with diabetes and someone without?

Answer 1

without - 5 mmol/l
with - 30 mmol/l

Question 2

What happen when endothelial cells absorb more glucose than normal?

Answer 2

they may lose their strength and may burst and bleed into the surrounding tissue.

Question 3

What hormone is released in the pancreas in response to high blood glucose?

Answer 3

insulin

Question 4

Describe the body’s response to high blood glucose and how it can be resolved
(4 stages)

Answer 4

Stage 1 - The pancreas detects the high blood glucose and releases insulin.

Stage 2 - Insulin travels in the blood to the liver

Stage 3 - The liver converts glucose to glycogen

Stage 4 - Blood glucose is reduced and returned to normal levels

Question 5

What hormone is released from the pancreas in response to low blood glucose?

Answer 5

Glucagon

Question 6

Describe the body’s response to low blood glucose and how it is released (4 stages)

Answer 6

Stage 1 - The pancreas detects this and releases glucagon

Stage 2 - Glucagon travels in the blood to the liver

Stage 3 - The liver converts glycogen to glucose

Stage 4 - Blood glucose is raised and returned to normal levels.

Question 7

What is adrenaline?

Answer 7

a hormone released by the adrenal gland

Question 8

When is adrenaline released?

Answer 8

during exercise or in response to extreme stress

Question 9

What is the action of adrenaline

Answer 9

acts by stimulating the ‘flight or fight’ respnse. It increases blood glucose levels by stimulating the liver to convert glycogen to glucose. Adrenaline also increases the blood flow to skeletal muscles.

Question 10

What is type 1 diabetes?

Answer 10

a medical condition that occurs due to the pancreas failing to produce insulin.

Question 11

How is type 1 diabetes controlled?

Answer 11

controlled by injecting insulin prior to meals and regularly checking blood glucose levels.

Question 12

When does type 1 diabetes typically develop?

Answer 12

typically in early life

Question 13

What is type 2 diabetes?

Answer 13

a medical condition that occurs due to reduced senstivity to insulin of liver cells

Question 14

How is type 2 diabetes controlled?

Answer 14

intially controlled with diet and exercise, but may require medications or even insulin if blood glucose remains uncontrolled

Question 15

When does type 2 diabetes typically develop?

Answer 15

typically in later life (over 50)

Question 16

How can a high blood glucose be damaging to the body?

Answer 16

can lead to blood vessel damage and atherosclerosis

Question 17

What happens to blood glucose concentration following a meal individuals with type 1 or type 2 diabetes?

Answer 17

Blood glucose concentration will rise significantly.

Question 18

Why does glucose appear in the urine of individuals with diabetes?

Answer 18

In diabetes, there is often an increased amount of glucose in the blood. The kidneys (which produce urine) will remove some of this glucose, filtering it into the urine.

Question 19

How is diabetes diagnosed?

Answer 19

using a glucose tolerance test

Question 20

What is obesity?

Answer 20

a medical term used to describe someone who has an excess of body fat.Obesity is diagnosed if a person’s BMI is above 30.

Question 21

What diesease does obesity increase the risk of?

Answer 21

Hypertension, Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and some types of cancer

Question 22

Why is obesity associated with type 2 diabetes?

Answer 22

In type 2 diabetes, the body’s cells do not respond to insulin effectively. A large amount of body fat leads to increased in this insulin resistance.

Question 23

What is BMI?

Answer 23

Body mass index (BMI) is a measure used to assess obesity

Question 24

How do you calculate BMI?

Answer 24

mass/height^2

Question 25

Give 4 problems with BMI as a measurement

Answer 25

1. does not take into consideration different body tissues, and therefore those with a large muscle mass may be deemed overweight by the BMI calculation
2. cannot be used for pregnant women
3. age and gender are not considered by BMI
4. someone with very low muscle mass carrying excess fat may be deemed a healthy weight