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July > 2.7.2013(molecular Biology) 55 > Flashcards

2.7.2013(molecular Biology) 55 Flashcards

0
Q

CD markers for Neruoendocrine cells

A

CD56

CD57

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1
Q

Paragangliomas which are chromaffin positive

A

Paravertebral

Paragangliomas in head and neck are chromaffin negative
Chromaffin stains catacholeamines

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2
Q

S-100 positivity in neuroendocrine cells is because of

A

Sustentacular cells

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3
Q

Tumors in klinefelter syndrome

A

Mediastinal germ cell tumors

NOT testicular tumors

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4
Q

Karyotyping subdivision of chromosome

A

Arm
Region
Band
Sub band

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5
Q

Banding useful in identifying Y chromosome

A

Q banding

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6
Q

Rapid methods of chromosome identification

A

FISH
spectral karyotyping
Chromosome painting

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7
Q

Centromere is rich in

A

AT

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8
Q

Causes of aneuploidy

A

Anaphase lag

Non disjunction

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9
Q

Time of performance of cordocentesis

A

18-20wks

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10
Q

Satellite repeats

A

Microsatellite 2-6bp

Minisatellite 15-70bp

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11
Q

Diseases diagnosed by RFLP

A

sickle cell anemia

PKU

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12
Q

Mutations at several genetic loci producing the same trait

A

Genetic heterogeneity

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13
Q

Excess Mg++ concentration in PCR results in

A

Accumulation of nonspecific amplification products

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14
Q

Tth polymerase

A

Thermus Thermophilus

Both DNA polymerase and reverse transcriptase activity

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15
Q

Assymetrical PCR

A

Only one strand is amplified

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16
Q

Inverse PCR

A

Amplifies sequences on either side of known stretch

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17
Q

RACE

A

Rapid amplification of complementary DNA ends

Anchored(one sided PCR)

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18
Q

Use of RACE

A

Used to amplify ends of mRNA transcripts when only one end is known

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19
Q

DNA polymerases used in PCR

A

Beta replicase from bacteriophage

T7 RNA polymerase

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20
Q

Serial PCR

A 
Nested PCR(two sets of primers added sequentially)
Parallel PCR- multiplex PCR
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21
Q

Fluorescent reporter probes

A

SYBR-green
Taqman
Molecular beacons

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22
Q

Restriction modification system

A

Restriction endonuclease

Site specific DNA methylation enzymes

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23
Q

Ligase chain reaction

A

A method of DNA amplification
Uses DNA ligase and polymerase
Probes are amplified

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24
Q

Restriction endonucleases requiring ATP

A

Type 1 cleaves DNA at random sites that can be 1000bp away from recognition sequence
Type 3 cleave DNA 25bp from recognition sequence

Both require ATP and have methylase activity

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25
Q

Type 2 restriction endonuclease

A

No ATP needed

Cleaves the DNA within recognition sequence itself

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26
Q

Sticky ends synonyms

A

Cohesive
Overlapping
Staggered

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27
Q

Linking of blunt ends

A

Bacteriophage T4 ligase
Homopolymer tailing by terminal transferase
Adding synthetic sticky ends(linkers)

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28
Q

Screening for successfully transferred cells

A

Antibiotic resistance
Blue white screening
Direct sequencing

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29
Q

Fusion of cells in hybridoma technique is brought about by

A

PEG
electric field
Laser
Attaching viral particles like inactivated rota or Sendai virus

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30
Q

Microarray based CGH cannot detect

A

Inversions

Balanced Translocations

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31
Q

Gene chips

A

DNA microarrays

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32
Q

Landmarks for genome sequencing projects

A

Sequence tagged sites (STS)

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33
Q

Contig

A

In genomic DNA library a set of overlapping clones represent a catalog for long contiguous segment of a genome

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34
Q

Markers in cDNA library

A

Green fluorescent protein

Epitope tag

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35
Q

5’ exonuclease used in rDNA technology

A

Bacteriophage lambda exonuclease

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36
Q

3’ Exonuclease used in rDNA tech

A

Exonuclease III

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37
Q

Exonuclease that cleaves both 3’ and 5’ ends

A

BAL 31 nuclease

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38
Q

Nuclease that degrades single stranded DNA

A

S1 nuclease

Removal of hairpin in synthesis of cDNA

39
Q

Mapping of hypersensitive sites,enzymes used

A

DNase 1

Produces single stranded nicks

40
Q

Role of alkaline phosphatase in rDNA tech

A

Removes phosphate from 3’ or 5 ‘ ends to prevent self ligation

41
Q

Enzymes used in RDNA tech

A

Alkaline phosphatase
Polynucleotide kinase
Terminal transferase(for homopolymer tailing)

42
Q

Genomics

A

Set of all genes in an organism

43
Q

Proteomics

A

Quantitative and qualitative study of all proteins expressed by an organism

44
Q

Preteome

A

Set of all proteins expressed by a cell at a particular time

45
Q

Glycomics

A

Structure and function of chains of sugar

46
Q

Cytogenetics

A

Study of structure and function of cell.esp chromosomes

47
Q

Bioinformatics

A

Use of computer science,mathematics and biology to biological data

48
Q

Pharmacogenomics

A

Study of genetically determined variations in responses to drugs in humans

49
Q

Most rapid method of localising a gene or DNA fragment to a sub region of human chromosome

A

Radiation hybrid mapping

50
Q

Chromosome walking

A

Involves repeated cloning of overlapping DNA fragments
The procedure is laborious
Usually cover only 100-200kb

51
Q

Chromosome jumping

A

Cutting DNA into relatively large fragments and circularising it greater lengths of DNA can be covered

52
Q

Techniques to transfer genes

A 
Transfection
Micro injection
Electroporation
Site directed recombination
Transduction using adenovirus or retrovirus
Plasmid liposome complex
53
Q

Gene therapy is used in

A 
SCID
CF
familial hypercholesterolemia 
LHON
DMD
HEMOPHILIA
54
Q

Who discovered DNA finger printing

A

Alec.J.Jeffrey

55
Q

Free ribosomes synthesise

A

Proteins that remain in cytosol or
Destined for mitochondria,peroxisomes,nuclei

Proteins destined for lysosomes are synthesised in RER

56
Q

Signal peptide sequence targets the protein to

A

Membrane of ER

57
Q

Mechanism of protein entry into ER

A

SRP induced translation arrest is relived after it binds to SRP receptor within ER

58
Q

SRP blocks translation after

A

70 aminoacids

59
Q

Proteins with diacidic sequences are targeted to

A

Golgi membranes(asp-x-glu)

60
Q

Proteins targeted to nucles are tagged by

A

Nuclear localisation signal

61
Q

Proteins targeted to peroxisomes have

A

PTS

peroxisomal matrix targeting sequence

62
Q

Mitochondrial matrix proteins have

A

Amino terminal sequence

63
Q

Amino terminal KDEL seqeunce is needed for targeting to

A

Luminal surface of ER

64
Q

Chaperone proteins

A 
Calnexin
Calreticulin
Immunoglobulin heavy chain binding protein(Bip)
Glucose regulated protein(GRP)94
Protein disulfide isomerase(PDI)
Peptidyl prolyl isomerase(PPI)
65
Q

Misfolded proteins in ER are transported to cytosol via

A

Translocon

66
Q

Energy for translocation of misfolded proteins is provided by

A

p97

an AAA-ATPase(ATP Associated with various cellular Activities)

67
Q

Number of ubiquitin molecules that must be attached for degradation

A

Minimum of 4

68
Q

Processing of peptides for MHC 1 is done by

A

Proteasome

69
Q

Transport btw Golgi and ER

A

COP2 ante grade transport
COP1 retrograde transport

Cathrin free transport vesicles

70
Q

Clathrin coated vesicles are involved in

A

Endocytosis

Transport of cargo to lysosomes

71
Q

Function of Golgi apparatus

A 
Sorting and transport(trans Golgi)
O glycosylation(all parts of Golgi)
72
Q

Normal prion protein is encoded in

A

Chr 20

73
Q

Enzyme defects in hyperoxaluria

A

Type 1 alanine glyoxalate amino transferase

Type 2 D glyceric dehydrogenase

74
Q

Peroxisomal diseases

A 
Hyperoxaluria 1
Hyper pipe colic acidemia
Zellweger syndrome
Adrenoleukodystrophy 
Acatalasemia
Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata
Infantile Refsum
Glutaryl CoA oxidase deficiency
75
Q

Most common type of sigma

A

Sigma 70

76
Q

Catalytic subunit of eukaryotic RNA polymerase

A

RBP2

77
Q

RNA polymerase is activated by

A

Phosphorylation of serine and threonine residues in carboxy terminal repeat domain

78
Q

Regulatory sequences are described by convention from

A

Coding strand

79
Q

Transcription factor important in activating RNAP2

A

TF 2

A to H except C and G

80
Q

Transcription bubble is formed because of

A

Intrinsic unwindase activity in RNAP

81
Q

Elements required for RNAP activity

A

Mg

Zn

82
Q

Intact triphosphate in primary transcript

A

First initiating purine base

83
Q

U1

A

Binds to 5’ exon intron boundary

84
Q

U2

A

Binds to branch site

85
Q

Eukaryotic promotors

A

Hogness/TATA box
DPE(distal promotor element)
Inr(initiator sequence)

Constitutive expression along with PPE

86
Q

Proximal promotor elements

A 
PPE
Found only in eukaryotes
GC box
CAAT box
AP1
Ig octamer
heat shock
Serum response
87
Q

Sigma 32

A

Heat shock gene

88
Q

TF bind to DNA through

A

Major groove

TBP(TATA binding protein binds via minor groove)

89
Q

Factor responsible for enhanced/augmented transcription

A

TAF of TF II D

TATA binding protein Associated Factor

90
Q

TF factor that binds tightly to RNAP2

A

TF2F
It prevents binding of RNAP2 to non specific sites
Brings it to promotor by binding with TF2B

91
Q

TF2D

A

Has 1 TATA binding protein and 14 associated proteins

It binds to TATA

92
Q

TF2B

A

Recruits RNAP2 to promotor

Binds to DNA and TBP of TF2D

93
Q

TF2H

A

Helicase Activity which melts DNA near TSS
kinase activity phosphorylates CTD in RNAP2
It also recruits NER proteins

94
Q

HAT

A

Histone acetyl transferase
Removes positive charge on lysine
Euchromatin is formed

95
Q

Rx of alkaptonuria

A

Nitisinone

Also used in hereditary tyrosinemia type 1

July (7 decks)

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