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July > 1.7.2013(Molecular Biology) 54 > Flashcards

1.7.2013(Molecular Biology) 54 Flashcards

0
Q

Drugs that can cause Orotic aciduria

A

Allopurinol(competes with orotate)

6-azauridine(inhibits OMP decarboxylase)

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1
Q

Rx of Orotic aciduria

A

Uridine

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2
Q

Combined uraciluria-thyminuria enzyme deficiency

A

Dihydropyramidine dehydrogenase

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3
Q

Source of methyl group for thymine synthesis

A

N5,N10 methylene tetrahydrofolate

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4
Q

PEG ADA therapy

A

Only immunologic defects are corrected

Neurodevelopmental defects are not reversed

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5
Q

Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency

A

Autosomal recessive
Only T cells affected
More common neurodevelopmental defects

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6
Q

Which life forms don’t synthesise purine and pyramidine nucleotides

A

Protozoa

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7
Q

Pyramidines occur in

A

Thiamine
DNA
RNA

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8
Q

Purines are found in

A

Coenzyme A
NAD
FAD
NADP

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9
Q

Number of base pairs per turn

A

10.5

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10
Q

Z DNA is found in

A

Poly GC rich regions

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11
Q

Z DNA

A

Left handed helix

Zigzag backbone

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12
Q

Inclination of base pairs with respect to axis of helix in different forms of DNA

A

19’(A)
1.2’(B)
9’(Z)

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13
Q

Bromodeoxyuridine is a ___________ analogue

A

Thymidine

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14
Q

mtDNA

A

37 genes
2 rRNA
22 tRNA
13 proteins

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15
Q

Start codon in mitochondria

A

AUA

Nuclear DNA codes for isoleucine

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16
Q

Stop codons in mitochondria

A

AGG
AGA

nuclear DNA codes for Arginine

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17
Q

UGA in mt DNA codes for

A

Tryptophan

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18
Q

Number of copies of mt DNA in a mitochondria

A

2-10

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19
Q

Mitochondrial disorders without maternal inheritance

A

Pearson
CPEO
KSS

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20
Q

Repetitive sequences of DNA are found in

A

Telomeres

Centromeres

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21
Q

Percentage of exons

A

1.5%

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22
Q

Protein with highest number of introns

A

Muscle protein titin

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23
Q

Satellite DNA

A

Simple sequence repeats

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24
Telomere binding proteins
TRF1 TRF2(involved in formation of T loop) Telomere repeat binding factors
25
DNA fibril
Chromatin fibril | Groups of nucleosomes
26
Chromatin fibre
6 DNA fibrils
27
Organisation of DNA(along with packing ratio)
``` Naked double stranded DNA(1) chromatin fibrils(7-10) Chromatin fibres(40/60 or 100) Loops(domains)(8000) Rosette(6 loops) Coils(30 rosettes) Chromatids(10 coils) ```
28
Central role in nucleosome formation
H3 H4
29
Phasing
Non random preferential binding of histones to AT rich region in DNA
30
How eukaryotic DNA is underwound?
Topoisomerases relax the unbound positive supercoils | Negative supercoils attached to histone core is unaffected
31
Most conserved histones among eukaryotes
H3-H4
32
Histone modifications that activate or inhibit gene transcription
Methylation Acetylation of H3H4 Monoubiqutilation
33
SMC proteins
Structural maintanence of chromosome proteins - Cohesins - Condensins - Kleisin First two form positive supercoils
34
Linking number
Number of basepairs/number of base pairs per turn
35
Super helical density
Specific linking difference(sigma) | Number of turns removed relative to number of turns present in relaxed uncoiled DNA
36
Normal sigma of cellular DNA
-0.05 to -0.07(5-7%)
37
Linking number change difference btw topoisomerase 1 and topoisomerase 2
Topoisomerase 1 changes linking number by 1 | Topoisomerase 2 changes linking number by 2
38
Dna with helicase activity
DnaB
39
DNA gyrase
Can remove both negative and positive supercoils | Can insert negative supercoils
40
Melting of DNA is promoted by
Increasing temperature | Decreasing salt concentration
41
Absorbance of DNA is measured at _______ NM
260
42
Absorbance of completely denatured DNA
37% Tm 18.5%
43
T4 bacteriophage DNA polymerase
Similar to klenow fragment but 3'-5' exonuclease activity is 200 times higher than latter
44
Anti carcinogenic vitamin
Carotenoids
45
Damaging power of radiation arrange in order
Alpha>beta>x rays> gamma Ionising power follow the same order Penetration power follow the reverse order
46
Zinc finger is binding motif for
Steroid receptor family | Thyroid receptor family
47
Helix turn helix motif is found in
CAP and lac repressor of E.coli | Homeobox proteins,pit1,oct1 and oct2 in mammals
48
Leucine is repeated at every _____ position in Leucine zipper motif
7th
49
Leucine zipper motif is found in
Myc CRE binding protein Fos Jun
50
Lac operon regulation
Positive regulator CAP,CAMP negative regulator lac I,repressor protein Inducer lactose,IPTG
51
miRNAs are produced by
RNase III family Drosha Dicer
52
RISC
RNA induced silencing complex | mature miRNA and proteins
53
stRNA
Small temporal RNA | A type of miRNA
54
Nobel prize for discovering RNA induced gene silencing was given to
Craig fire and Andrew mello
55
Substances inhibiting beta subunit of RNA polymerase
Refamycin Streptovaricin Streptoglydigin Heparin
56
Drugs inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase
Nalidixic acid | Ciprofloxacin
57
Nucleoside analogs
Cytarabine Acyclovir Idoxiuridine NRTI
58
Mechanism of action of streptomycin
binds to 30S RNA | And prevents binding of met t RNA
59
MOA of puromycin
Similar to Aminocyl tRNA | Premature release of nascent polypeptide
60
MOA of tetracycline
Binds to 30S | Prevents binding of Aminoacyl tRNA
61
MOA of cycloheximide
Inhibits Peptidyl transferase activity of 60S subunit
62
Enzyme responsible for fidelity of translation
Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase
63
Only tRNA recognised by eIF2
Initiator tRNA
64
Translation and transcription in prokaryotes
Coupled
65
Translocation
Prokaryotes EF-G and GTP Eukaryotes EF-2 and GTP
66
Factors that prevent the reassembly of ribosomes
IF-1A IF-3 These also stabilise 43s pre initiation complex
67
Number of subunits in eIF-2
Alpha Beta Gamma
68
Inhibition of formation of 43s pre initiation complex
eIF-2A if phosphorylated binds to eIF-2B and inactivates GTP-GDP recycling
69
Components of IF4F
IF 4A IF 4G IF 4E
70
Cap binding protein
IF 4F | It's binds to cap by 4E
71
IF 4F binds to 43s initiation complex by
IF4G which binds to IF3
72
Scaffolding protein among initiation complexes
4G
73
Rate limiting step in translation
Binding of 4E to mRNA cap
74
Formation of 80s initiation complex,role of initiation factors
IF 5 hydrolyses the GTP bound to IF2
75
Role of IF4B
ATPase and ATP dependant helicase activity | Melts the complex secondary structure of 5' end of mRNA
76
Binding of new tRNA to A site is mediated by
EF1A | Requires GTP
77
Translocation in translation is mediated by
EF 2 | requires GTP
78
Termination of translation is mediated by
RF1,2,3 Peptidyl transferase Stop codons
79
ATP requiring processes in translation
Activation of Aminoacid Formation of 43s initiation complex Formation of 48s initiation complex
80
Number of tRNAs
More than or equal to 32
81
Homologous substitution for valine in 67th position in Hb
Glutamic acid Aspartate Alanine
82
Change in Hb Hikari
Lys to Asparagine | Acceptable mutation
83
Targeted gene disruption methods
``` Knock out(introduction of deletion) Knock in(introduction of mutated gene) ```
84
Techniques for detection of mutation
``` Single stranded conformational polymorphism Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis RNAse cleavage Oligonucleotide specific hybridisation Microarrays Protein truncation test ```
85
Classical Complement fixing immunoglobulins
IgG | IgM
86
Papain cleavage of Ig
2F(ab) | 1 Fc
87
Pepsin effect on Ig
``` Two F(ab) fragments joined together One Fc fragment ```
88
CH4 is found in
IgE and IgM
89
Most common light chain
Kappa
90
Distribution of k and L chains
Either K or L alone | Never both
91
Shift from membrane bound to free Ig is because of
Differential RNA processing(poly A site choice)
92
CDR
Complementarity determining region | Hypervariable regions
93
Forms of IgM
Monomer Dimer Pentamer Hexamer
94
Rate of synthesis is highest for
IgA
95
Alternate complement fixing Igs
IgA IgG IgD
96
Opsonisation is mediated by
IgG only
97
Mechanisms for generation of antibody diversity
``` Multiple germ-line V genes V-J and V-D-J recombinations N nucleotide addition Gene conversion Recombinational inaccuracies Somatic point mutations Assorted heavy and light chains ```
98
ATP requiring enzymes in DNA replication
DNA helicase Topoisomerase II DNA ligase
99
Primase in E.coli
DnaG

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