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unit 2 bio > 2.7- pathology of cardiovascular disease > Flashcards

2.7- pathology of cardiovascular disease Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is atherosclerosis?

A

the formation of plaques called atheromas beneath the endothelium in the wall of an artery

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2
Q

what do plaques initially consist of?

A

fatty material mainly made up of cholesterol

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3
Q

what enlarges plaques over time?

A

the addition of fibrous material, calcium and more cholesterol

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4
Q

3 things that happen as an atheroma grows

A

artery thickens

artery loses elasticity

arterys lumen reduced diameter

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5
Q

what effect does a reduced diameter to an arterys lumen have and what does it lead to?

A

blood flow to the capillary bed served by that artery is restricted

leads to an increase in blood pressure

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6
Q

when do symptoms of atherosclerosis arise?

A

remain absent until later in life

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7
Q

4 conditions atherosclerosis can lead to

A

coronary heart disease

angina

strokes

heart attacks

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8
Q

what is atherosclerosis the root cause of?

A

peripheral vascular disease

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9
Q

what is blood clotting and what is its purpose?

A

protective mechanism triggered by damage to cells

to prevent loss of blood to a wound

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10
Q

what happens when an atheroma ruptures and what does this lead to?

A

when an atheroma ruptures, it damages the endothelium

leads to release of blood clotting factors that activate cascade of reactions

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11
Q

4 steps in blood clotting

A

enzyme prothrombin, which is always present in blood plasma but inactive, becomes converted to its active form thrombin

thrombin promotes conversion of molecules of fibrinogen (soluble protein) into threads of fibrin (insoluble protein)

fibrin threads become interwoven to form a meshwork that platelets stick to, forming a blood clot

wound is now sealed and a scaffold is produced upon which scar tissue can be formed

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12
Q

example of a clotting factor

A

vitamin K

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13
Q

2 problems that atheromas cause

A

make inside lining of an artery uneven

disturb smooth flow of blood

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14
Q

what is thrombosis and how is it caused?

A

thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot in a vessel

caused when an atheroma is enlarged and bursts through the endothelium and damages it

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15
Q

what effect does a thrombus have in an artery?

A

causes further blockage on top of the atheromas damage

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16
Q

what does a thrombus become when it breaks lose?

A

embolus

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17
Q

what does an embolus do and what is the effect?

A

embolus travels through the bloodstream until it blocks a blood vessel

blood flow is now severely restricted or completely blocked

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18
Q

what effect does a thrombus have in a coronary artery?

A

may lead to a myocardial infarction (heart attack)

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19
Q

what effect does a thrombus have an artery in the brain?

A

may lead to a stroke

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20
Q

what happens in both heart attacks and strokes and what does it lead to?

A

cells are deprived of oxygen

leads to death of the tissues

21
Q

what are the peripheral arteries?

A

those other than;

aorta

coronary arteries

carotid arteries

22
Q

what happens to peripheral arteries affected by atherosclerosis?

A

their central cavity becomes narrower

23
Q

what does a narrow central cavity of a peripheral artery lead to?

A

leads to peripheral vascular disease which most commonly affects the leg arteries

24
Q

what is the reason for the pain experienced in peripheral vascular disease?

A

pain is experienced in leg muscles due to limited supply of oxygen

25
Q

what is deep vein thrombosis?

A

formation of a thrombus in a vein that is most commonly in the calf of the lower leg

26
Q

2 things that can happen to extremities affected by deep vein thrombosis

A

become painful and swell up

veins close to skin surface become engorged with blood

27
Q

where does a thrombus go once it breaks free and what does it do?

A

when a thrombus breaks free, it becomes an embolus travels via the vena cava and heart chambers to the pulmonary artery

here it may block a small arterial branch

28
Q

what is it called when an embolus blocks a small arterial branch?

A

a pulmonary embolism

29
Q

3 symptoms of a pulmonary embolism

A

chest pains

breathing difficulties

palpitations

30
Q

drugs taken in usual and severe pulmonary embolism cases

A

usual cases- anticoagulant drugs

severe cases- thrombolytic drugs

31
Q

what does the term lipid refer to?

A

a group of compounds including simple lipids like fats and complex substances like steroids

32
Q

why is cholesterol an important lipid?

A

precursor for the synthesis of sex hormones testosterone, oestrogen and progesterone

33
Q

how is cholesterol synthesised and what is it a basic component of?

A

from saturated fats present in a normal balanced diet

cell membrane

34
Q

what makes cholesterol and where does much of its production take place?

A

made by all cells

25% of total production takes place in the liver

35
Q

2 things that make up lipoproteins

A

lipid

protein

36
Q

function of lipoproteins and where are they present

A

transport lipids from one part of the body to another

blood plasma

37
Q

where is cholesterol transported and how?

A

transported to body cells

by low-density lipoproteins produced by the liver

38
Q

what do most body cells have and where?

A

LDL receptors

in the cell membrane

39
Q

what 2 things must happen for cells to make use of cholesterol?

A

molecule of LDL carrying cholesterol becomes attached to a receptor

cell engulfs LDL cholesterol

cholesterol released

40
Q

5 steps in the cause of atherosclerosis

A

once a body cell contains an adequate supply of cholesterol, a negative feedback system is triggered

negative feedback system inhibits the synthesis of new LDL receptors

now less of the LDL-cholesterol circulating in the bloodstream is absorbed by body cells

some of the LDL-cholesterol is taken up by endothelial cells lining the inside of an artery

cholesterol then deposited in an atheroma in the wall of an artery

41
Q

when is atherosclerosis likely to occur?

A

if a person eats a rich in saturated fat diet throughout their life

42
Q

where is excess cholesterol transported and how?

A

transported to the liver for elimination

by high-density lipoproteins from body cells

43
Q

what is the purpose of the elimination of cholesterol in the liver?

A

prevents a high level of cholesterol accumulating in the bloodstream

44
Q

what does the elimination of cholesterol in the liver depend on?

A

a healthy balance between HDL-cholesterol molecules and LDL-cholesterol molecules

45
Q

what is the average percentage of blood cholesterol carried by HDL and LDL molecules?

A

HDL carries 20-30%

LDL carries 60-70%

46
Q

2 things a higher ratio of HDL to LDL would result in

A

lower blood cholesterol

reduced chance of atherosclerosis

47
Q

2 things seen in people who exercise regularly

A

concentration of HDL-cholesterol in the bloodstream is normally higher

risk of CVD lower

48
Q

2 things that can raise HDL levels

A

replacement of saturated fat with unsaturated fat

consumption of less total fat

49
Q

what can lower levels of cholesterol in the blood and how?

A

drugs called statins

by inhibiting an enzyme essential for the synthesis of cholesterol by liver cells

unit 2 bio (10 decks)

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