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unit 2 bio > 2.3- the biology of controlling fertility > Flashcards

2.3- the biology of controlling fertility Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what type of fertility do men have and why is this?

A

continuous fertility

continually produce sperm in their testes

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2
Q

what is cyclical fertility and what does it lead to?

A

when women are only fertile for a few days during each menstrual cycle

leads to a fertile period

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3
Q

2 things that identify the fertile period

A

womans body temperature increases around 0.5° after ovulation

cervical mucus becomes thin and watery

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4
Q

what does thin and watery cervical mucus allow for?

A

gives sperm easy access to the female reproductive system

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5
Q

how long does the fertile period last?

A

1-2 days

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6
Q

what happens after the third recording of higher temperature?

A

unfertilised egg is disintegrated

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7
Q

4 treatments for infertility

A

stimulating ovulation

artificial insemination

intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)

in-vitro fertilisation (IVF)

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8
Q

how does stimulating ovulation work?

A

ovulation stimulated by drugs that prevent the negative feedback effect of oestrogen on FSH secretion

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9
Q

what do other ovulatory drugs do and what do they cause?

A

mimic the action of FSH and LH

cause super ovulation that can result in multiple births or be used to collect ova for in-vitro ovulation programmes

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10
Q

what does artificial insemination involve?

A

several samples of semen are collected over a period of time

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11
Q

when is artificial insemination useful?

A

when male has a low sperm count

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12
Q

how does intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection work?

A

head of the sperm is drawn into a needle and injected directly into the egg to achieve fertilisation

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13
Q

when is intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection useful?

A

when mature sperm are defective or very low in number

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14
Q

what does in-vitro fertilisation intend to do?

A

solve infertility caused by a blockage in the oviduct

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15
Q

6 steps of IVF

A

woman is given hormonal treatment to stimulate multiple ovulation

surgical procedure employed to remove several of these eggs from her ovary

eggs mixed with sperm in culture dish to allow fertilisation to occur (ICSI can be used)

fertilised eggs incubated in culture dish for 2-3 days to allow cell division to occur and they have formed at least 8 cells

a few embryos are chosen and then inserted via the vagina into the mothers uterus

remaining embryos frozen and stored if a second attempt at implantation is needed

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16
Q

what can IVF be used in conjunction with and what 2 things can they identify?

A

pre-implantation genetic diagnosis

identify single gene disorders and chromosomal abnormalities

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17
Q

when is pre-implantation genetic diagnosis used in IVF and what happens?

A

before stage 5 takes place

one or two cells may be removed and tested for genetic abnormalities

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18
Q

2 forms of pre-implantation genetic diagnosis

A

pre-implantation genetic screening (PGS)

pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)

19
Q

what is pre-implantation genetic screening?

A

non-specific approach

checks embryo for single gene disorders and common chromosomal abnormalities

20
Q

what is pre-implantation genetic diagnosis?

A

specific approach

check for a known chromosomal or gene defect

21
Q

what do pre-implantation genetic screening and diagnosis allow experts to do?

A

select which embryos should not be allowed to be placed in the mothers endometrium

22
Q

2 reasons for PGS and PGD

A

offer reassurance to couples who would otherwise be at high risk of producing children with serious genetic disorders

reducing the frequency of genetic diseases and disorders is a great benefit to society as a whole

23
Q

reason against PGS and PGD

A

start of eugenics whereby humans would be subjected to selective breeding in order to improve the quality

24
Q

what is contraception?

A

intentional prevention of conception by natural or artificial means

25
Q

3 physical contraceptives

A

barriers

intra-uterine devices

sterilisation

26
Q

what are barrier methods?

A

devices that physically block the ability of sperm to reach an ovum

27
Q

3 barrier methods

A

condom

diaphragm

cervical cap

28
Q

what is a condom?

A

rubber sheath that fits over the mans penis or female condoms can be worn inside the vagina

29
Q

what is the diaphragm?

A

dome shaped rubber cap that is inserted into the woman’s vagina to block the cervix before sexual intercourse

30
Q

what is the cervical cap?

A

rubber structure that fits tightly around the cervix and can be left for a few days

31
Q

what are intra-uterine devices and what do they do?

A

t-shaped structure that is fitted into the uterus for many months or years to prevent the implantation of an embryo into the endometrium

32
Q

what is sterilisation in males called and what does it involve?

A

vasectomy

involves cutting and tying two sperm ducts to prevent sperm being released during sexual activity

33
Q

what happens to sperm produced after a vasectomy?

A

undergo phagocytosis and are destroyed

34
Q

what is sterilisation in females called and what does it involve?

A

tubal ligation

involves cutting and tying two oviducts to prevent eggs meeting sperm and reaching the uterus

35
Q

3 chemical methods of contraception

A

oral contraceptive pill

progesterone only pill

morning after pill

36
Q

what does the oral contraceptive pill contain and what do these things do?

A

contains combination of synthetic oestrogen and progesterone

mimics negative feedback that prevents release of FSH and LH from the pituitary gland

37
Q

what happens when little or no FSH is present as a result of the oral contraceptive pill?

A

follicle maturation remains inhibited and ovulation fails to occur

38
Q

what happens on week 4 of the oral contraceptive pill and why?

A

placebo is taken or no pill at all

allows levels of oestrogen and progesterone to drop and menstruation to occur

39
Q

what is the function of the progesterone only pill and what is its effect?

A

causes thickening of the cervical mucus

reduces viability of sperm and their access to the uterus

40
Q

what 2 things does the morning after pill contain?

A

high doses of progesterone and oestrogen

41
Q

what do women use the morning after pill for?

A

after unprotected sexual intercourse to prevent implantation from occurring if fertilisation has taken place unintentionally

42
Q

when should the morning after pill be taken?

A

effective up to 72 hours after unprotected sex

43
Q

what other function does the morning after pill have?

A

inhibits ovulation

44
Q

what is the only form of contraception that protects against STIs?

A

external male and internal female condoms

unit 2 bio (10 decks)

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