2.6.4- Diversity In Animal Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What are epithelial cells?

A

Cells that constitute lining tissue.

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2
Q

What is an erythrocyte?

A

A red blood cell.

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3
Q

What is a neutrophil?

A

A type of red blood cell that is phagocytic- can invest microbes and small particles.

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4
Q

Explain what a stem cell is.

A

An unspecialised cell able to express all of its genes and divide by mitosis.

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5
Q

Single called organisms are small and therefore have a large what?

A

Surface area to volume ratio.

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6
Q

Give two reasons for the need of a large SA:V ratio.

A

It means lots of oxygen can quickly and efficiently diffuse into the cell and waste products can diffuse out of the membrane efficiently.

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7
Q

Why do larger organisms need specialised cells?

A

Most of their cells aren’t in contact directly with the exterior environment, therefore they need specialised cells to carry out a particular function.

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8
Q

How does a multicellular embryonic organism start life?

A

As a single undifferentiated cell called a zygote.

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9
Q

Explain how a zygote forms.

A

The suite is made when an ovum is fertilised by a sperm and the two haploid nucleus’ fuse (= diploid nucleus). The zygote is unspecialised and all of the genes in its genome an be expressed and t an divide by mitosis.

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10
Q

What is a genome?

A

The genetic material within an individual.

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11
Q

What can happen to genes during differentiation?

A

Some can be swifter off and some expressed more.

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12
Q

List three reasons as to why certain genes may be switched off or expressed more during differentiation.

A

The proportions of the different organelles differs from those of other cells, the shape of the cell changes and some of the contents of the cell changes.

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13
Q

From where do erythrocytes and neutrophils derive?

A

The stem cells within bone marrow.

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14
Q

List the five types of specialised animal cells.

A
Neutrophil
Erythrocyte 
Spermatozoa 
Ciliated epithelia
Squamous epithelia
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15
Q

What is the function of erythrocytes?

A

They carry oxygen from the lungs to respiring cells.

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16
Q

List all of the adaptations of erythrocytes to make them more efficient for their function of carrying oxygen from lungs to respiring cells.

A

They are small (7.5 micrometers) and biconcave shape= large SA:V= quicker O2 did fiction into cell/ well developed cytoskeleton- v flexible- can change shape and twist and turn to fit through narrow capillaries/ in differentiation, the ER, mitochondria and nucleus are lost to make more space for more haemoglobin.

17
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A

To ingest invading pathogens by phagocytosis.

18
Q

Explain the adaptations of neutrophils for its function.

A

x2 size of erythrocytes, have receptors on the plasma membrane to let opsonin bind, lobed nucleus- lets cell squeeze through narrow gaps, many lysosomes with lysin, lots of ribosomes to synthesise the enzymes needed, well developed cytoskeleton- flexible- phagocytosis.

19
Q

What is a spermatozoa?

A

The make sex cells.

20
Q

What are the three adaptations of the spermatozoa for its function?

A

small long+ thin- easily move// mitochondria provide ATP so tail moves// enzymes in its head that digest the outer layer of the ovum so the sperm can enter its nucleus.

21
Q

Explain the function of squamous epithelial cells.

A

It is lining tissue that is a mediator for the filtration and diffusion of a cell

22
Q

Explain the function of the ciliated epithelial cells.

A

To move particles or fluid over the epithelial surface, in structures like the trachea or nasal system.

23
Q

Explain some adaptations of squamous epithelial cells for its function.

A

Small, thin and flattened cells that allow small molecules to diffuse quickly and easily across the surface. They have transmembrane protein channels that allow ions to diffuse through the membrane.

24
Q

Explain some adaptations of ciliated epithelia cells for their function.

A

That have a large SA:V ratio and a thin membrane to allow short diffusion path if it’s needed (eg in the small intestine) and the long protrusions move things (eg. The mucus bang in the trachea).

25
Q

What is differentiation?

A

The process by which stem cells become specialised into different types of cell.