2.6.1- The Cell Cycle And Its Regulation Flashcards

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1
Q

Define interphase.

A

Phase of cell cycle where the cell is not dividing; it is subdivided into growth and synthesis phases.

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2
Q

Define ‘mitosis’.

A

Type of nuclear division that produces daughter cells generically identical to each other and to the parent cell.

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3
Q

Define ‘cytokinesis’.

A

Cytoplasmic division that follows nuclear division, resulting in two new daughter cells.

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4
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death.

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5
Q

What is senescence?

A

Where the cell can no longer divide.

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6
Q

To reproduce cells, what do cells do in simple terms?

A

They duplicate and split into two daughter cells.

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7
Q

Mitosis is a type of _________ _________.

A

Nuclear division.

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8
Q

Mitosis is made up of what two general parts?

A

Nuclear division and cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division).

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9
Q

Between phases of mitosis is what?

A

Interphase.

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10
Q

What is generally happening in interphase as a whole?

A

Elaborate preparations are born made for cell division- it is a carefully controlled and ordered sequence of events with checkpoints.

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11
Q

List in order the stages of the cell cycle.

A
Gap1- G1 phase 
(GapO- G0 phase)
S Phase- Synthesis 
Gap2- G2 Phase
Mitosis
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12
Q

What are the two main checkpoints in the cell cycle, in interphase?

A

The G1/S phase- also known as the restriction point. G2/M checkpoint.

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13
Q

Aside from the two main checkpoints in the cell cycle, what are two other, less dominant checkpoints?

A

Early G1 and halfway through mitosis.

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14
Q

What are the four purposes of the checkpoints in the cell cycle?

A
  • ensure the cell cycle can’t be reversed
  • prevent uncontrolled division that could cause tumours
  • ensure DNA’s only duplicated once in each cycle
  • detect and repair any damage caused to the DNA
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15
Q

At the M phase of the cell cycle, list the three events that take place in the cell.

A
  • cell growth stopped
  • cytokinesis
  • nuclear division that’s split into four stages- prophase/ metaphase/ anaphase/ telophase
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16
Q

At the G0 phase of the cell cycle, what are the two events that the place within the cell?

A
  • cells undergo apoptosis/ senescence/ differentiation

* some cells stay in the G0 phase for a v long time or indefinitely- eg neurones

17
Q

List the five events that take place inside the cell at the gap1- G1 phase of the cell cycle.

A
  • organelles duplicate
  • cells grow and increase in size
  • transcription of genes to make RNA
  • P53 tumour suppressor gene controls the phase
  • biosynthesis (eg protein synthesis) incl making enzymes needed for DNA replication in the S phase
18
Q

The P53 gene is a ________ _________.

A

Tumour suppressor.

19
Q

The P53 gene controls which phase of the cell cycle?

A

The G1 phase.

20
Q

The G1 phase is also known as what?

A

The growth phase.

21
Q

The synthesis phase is a _______ phase.

A

Rapid.

22
Q

Explain why the S phase of the cell cycle is a rapid phase.

A

The DNA bad pairs are more susceptible to mutagenic agents, so the fast speed reduces the chances of spontaneous mutations.

23
Q

What is the event that takes place in the cell during the S Phase of the cell cycle?

A

*DNA replication

24
Q

Once in the S phase, the cell is committed to what?

A

Completing the cell cycle.

25
Q

When is the cell committed to completing the cell cycle?

A

Once it has entered the S phase.

26
Q

In the S phase, explain the result when all the chromosomes are duplicated.

A

Each duplicated chromosome consists of a pair is identical sister chromatids.

27
Q

What event takes place in the cell at the G2 phase?

A

The cell grows.

28
Q

In the M phase, what does the checkpoint chemical trigger?

A

The condensation of the chromatin.

29
Q

Explain the checkpoint that takes place in the M phase of the cell cycle.

A

Half way through the M phase, the metaphase checkpoint ensures the cell is ready to complete mitosis.

30
Q

Some cells do not have what phase of the cell cycle?

A

The G0 phase.

31
Q

Give an example of a cell that doesn’t have the G0 phase.

A

The epithelial cells that line the gut.

32
Q

The G0 phase is a ________ _________.

A

Resting phase.

33
Q

How does a cell enter the G0 phase?

A

It is triggered by a checkpoint chemical during early G1 phase at the restriction point.

34
Q

Explain the G1 phases checkpoint function.

A

The checkpoint control mechanism ensures the cell is ready to enter the S phase of the cell cycle and to begin DNA synthesis.

35
Q

Explain the checkpoint that is in the G2 phase of the cell cycle.

A

Special chemicals ensure the cell is ready for mitosis by stimulating proteins that will be involved in making the chromosomes condense and the spindles form.

36
Q

Give a reason as to why every DNA molecule is replicated in the S Phase of the cell cycle.

A

Crates the chromosomes are u would and the DNA Is diffuse.

37
Q

What is a housekeeping gene?

A

A gene that’s active in all types of cells.

38
Q

In the S phase, there is a specific sequence for the gene replication- explain what that is.

A

Housekeeping genes are duplicated first and genes that are normally inactive in specific cell types are replicated last.