26 Compounds Containing The Carbonyl Group

Question 1

Ketone

Answer 1

C=O in the middle of the chain
Shorter chain ketone mixes completely with water because of the hydrogen bonding, as the length increases it becomes less soluble in water

Question 2

Nucleophilic addition

Answer 2

:CN- ion can attack either side of the C=O

Question 3

Oxidation

Answer 3

Acidifed by potassium dichromate (1V)

Ketone can’t be oxided

Question 4

Fehling’s test

Answer 4

Aldehyde.
Blue to brick red

Ketone
No reaction

Question 5

Silver mirror

Answer 5

Aldehyde
Silver mirror formed

Ketone
No reaction

Question 6

Reduction

Answer 6

Reducing agent NaBH4

Question 7

Carboxylic acid

Answer 7

Properties
Less than 4 carbons is soluble in water
Higher melting point than the alkanes
end in -oic acid
pure ethanic acid can freeze on a cold day
smells like vinegar
(Carboxylic acids are weak acids but will liberate CO from carbonates)

Question 8

Ester

Answer 8

Short chain esters are fairly volatile and have fruity smells
used as sovalents
long chains are fats and oil
cleaning agents
carboxylic acids react with alcohol to form a ester

Question 9

Aldehyde

Answer 9

Happens at the end of the chain
Shorter chain aldehyde mixes completely with water because of the hydrogen bonding, as the length increases it becomes less soluble in water

Question 10

Reactivity of carboxylic acids

Answer 10

C+ is open to attack
O- to the c=o may be attacked by a positively charged thing

Carboxylic acids are proton donors

They form ionic salts with more reactive metals

Question 11

Loss of a proton

Answer 11

Hydrogen is lost from the OH

This delocalisation makes the resulting ion more stable

Question 12

Formation of esters

Answer 12

Carboxylic acid react with alcohols to form esters and sped up by using a strong acid catalyst.

Question 13

Hydrolysis of esters

Answer 13

Ester = carboxylic acid and alcohol

H+ catalyst

Question 14

Use of esters

Answer 14

Animal fat and vegetable oils
Oils and fats contain three molecules of long chains carboxylic acids called fatty acids
Can be hydrolysis by boiling sodium hydroxide, glycerol and mixture of sodium salts are formed ( the salts are soaps)
(solvents, plasticisers, perfumes and food favourings)

Question 15

Uses of glycerol

Answer 15

Readily forms hydrogen bonds
Very soluble on water
Used to prevent ointments and creams from drying out
Used as a solvent

Question 16

Biodiesel

Answer 16

Source of fuel
Renewable

Rape seed oil reacted with methanol to make biodiesel

Question 17

potassium dichromate and alcohols

Answer 17

orange to green

Question 18

what is a nucleophile?

Answer 18

electron pair donator

Question 19

common nucleophiles

Answer 19

Cyanide ion :CN-
 [CN is dangerous because the gas escaping is toxic ]
hydroxide ion OH-
chloride ion CL-
ammonia NH3
amines RNH2
C=C bonds

Question 20

reduction reaction

Answer 20

use H- as a nucleophile
NaBH4 (reducing agent)
reacts with the C=O bond

Question 21

test for oxygen

Answer 21

relit split

Question 22

test for hydrogen

Answer 22

squeaky pop

Question 23

test for carbon dioxide

Answer 23

cloudy lime water

Question 24

test for sugar

Answer 24

Benedict solution

Question 25

test for starch

Answer 25

iodine test

Question 26

test for carboxylic acid

Answer 26

universal indicator

Question 27

test for metal carbonate

Answer 27

acid | carbon dioxide

Question 28

test for alkene

Answer 28

bromine water

Question 29

``` what is bonding of propane propanal propone propanol propanoic acid ```

Answer 29

``` propane -van der walls propanal - dipole-dipole bonding propone - dipole-dipole bonding propanol - hydrogen bonding propanoic acid - hydrogen bonding ```

Question 30

melting curve

Answer 30

shows what happens when a substance heats up the two horizontal flat parts are called plateaus or phase changes, where there is a change of state melting [solid to liquid] boiling [liquid to gas]

Question 31

cooling curve

Answer 31

shows what happens when a substance cools down 2 changes of state condensation [gas to liquid] freezing [liquid to solid]

Question 32

how do metal hydrogen carbonates react?

Answer 32

e.g NaHCO3 makes carbon dioxide + water react with ethanic acid HaHCO3 + CH3COOH --- CO2 + H2O + CH3COONa

Question 33

how does NaOH react

Answer 33

react with ethanic acid | NaOH + CH3COOH ---- CH3COONa + H2O

Question 34

how does metal carbonates react?

Answer 34

e.g. NaCO3 carbon dioxide + water + sodium react with ethanic acid Na2CO3 + 2CH3COOH ----- CO2 + H2O + 2CH3COONa

Question 35

true or false | hydrosis of an ester makes a reacement

Answer 35

true hydrolysis is adding water needed it to make an acid-base

Question 36

ammonia and acid chloride

Answer 36

amide

Question 37

ammonia abd anhydride

Answer 37

amide

Question 38

amine and acid chloride

Answer 38

N-substitued amide

Question 39

amine and anhydride

Answer 39

N-substitued amide

Question 40

alcohol and acid chloride

Answer 40

carboxylic acid

Question 41

alcohol and anhydride

Answer 41

carboxylic acid

Question 42

uses of acylation reactions | ethanoic anhydride

Answer 42

cheaper less corrosive doesn't react with water safer byproduct of its reaction is ethnic acid

Question 43

hydrolysis of esters

Answer 43

Esters can be hydrolysed in acid or alkaline conditions to form alcohols and carboxylic acids or salts of carboxylic acids. Vegetable oils and animal fats can be hydrolysed in alkaline conditions to give soap (salts of long-chain carboxylic acids) and glycerol.