26 Compounds Containing The Carbonyl Group Flashcards

1
Q

Ketone

A

C=O in the middle of the chain
Shorter chain ketone mixes completely with water because of the hydrogen bonding, as the length increases it becomes less soluble in water

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2
Q

Nucleophilic addition

A

:CN- ion can attack either side of the C=O

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3
Q

Oxidation

A

Acidifed by potassium dichromate (1V)

Ketone can’t be oxided

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4
Q

Fehling’s test

A

Aldehyde.
Blue to brick red

Ketone
No reaction

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5
Q

Silver mirror

A

Aldehyde
Silver mirror formed

Ketone
No reaction

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6
Q

Reduction

A

Reducing agent NaBH4

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7
Q

Carboxylic acid

A

Properties
Less than 4 carbons is soluble in water
Higher melting point than the alkanes
end in -oic acid
pure ethanic acid can freeze on a cold day
smells like vinegar
(Carboxylic acids are weak acids but will liberate CO from carbonates)

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8
Q

Ester

A

Short chain esters are fairly volatile and have fruity smells
used as sovalents
long chains are fats and oil
cleaning agents
carboxylic acids react with alcohol to form a ester

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9
Q

Aldehyde

A

Happens at the end of the chain
Shorter chain aldehyde mixes completely with water because of the hydrogen bonding, as the length increases it becomes less soluble in water

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10
Q

Reactivity of carboxylic acids

A

C+ is open to attack
O- to the c=o may be attacked by a positively charged thing

Carboxylic acids are proton donors

They form ionic salts with more reactive metals

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11
Q

Loss of a proton

A

Hydrogen is lost from the OH

This delocalisation makes the resulting ion more stable

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12
Q

Formation of esters

A

Carboxylic acid react with alcohols to form esters and sped up by using a strong acid catalyst.

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13
Q

Hydrolysis of esters

A

Ester = carboxylic acid and alcohol

H+ catalyst

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14
Q

Use of esters

A

Animal fat and vegetable oils
Oils and fats contain three molecules of long chains carboxylic acids called fatty acids
Can be hydrolysis by boiling sodium hydroxide, glycerol and mixture of sodium salts are formed ( the salts are soaps)
(solvents, plasticisers, perfumes and food favourings)

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15
Q

Uses of glycerol

A

Readily forms hydrogen bonds
Very soluble on water
Used to prevent ointments and creams from drying out
Used as a solvent

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16
Q

Biodiesel

A

Source of fuel
Renewable

Rape seed oil reacted with methanol to make biodiesel

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17
Q

potassium dichromate and alcohols

A

orange to green

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18
Q

what is a nucleophile?

A

electron pair donator

19
Q

common nucleophiles

A
Cyanide ion :CN-
 [CN is dangerous because the gas escaping is toxic ]
hydroxide ion OH-
chloride ion CL-
ammonia NH3
amines RNH2
C=C bonds
20
Q

reduction reaction

A

use H- as a nucleophile
NaBH4 (reducing agent)
reacts with the C=O bond

21
Q

test for oxygen

A

relit split

22
Q

test for hydrogen

A

squeaky pop

23
Q

test for carbon dioxide

A

cloudy lime water

24
Q

test for sugar

A

Benedict solution

25
Q

test for starch

A

iodine test

26
Q

test for carboxylic acid

A

universal indicator

27
Q

test for metal carbonate

A

acid

carbon dioxide

28
Q

test for alkene

A

bromine water

29
Q
what is bonding of 
propane
propanal
propone
propanol
propanoic acid
A
propane -van der walls
propanal - dipole-dipole bonding
propone - dipole-dipole bonding
propanol - hydrogen bonding
propanoic acid - hydrogen bonding
30
Q

melting curve

A

shows what happens when a substance heats up
the two horizontal flat parts are called plateaus or phase changes, where there is a change of state
melting [solid to liquid]
boiling [liquid to gas]

31
Q

cooling curve

A

shows what happens when a substance cools down
2 changes of state
condensation [gas to liquid]
freezing [liquid to solid]

32
Q

how do metal hydrogen carbonates react?

A

e.g NaHCO3
makes carbon dioxide + water

react with ethanic acid
HaHCO3 + CH3COOH — CO2 + H2O + CH3COONa

33
Q

how does NaOH react

A

react with ethanic acid

NaOH + CH3COOH —- CH3COONa + H2O

34
Q

how does metal carbonates react?

A

e.g. NaCO3
carbon dioxide + water + sodium

react with ethanic acid
Na2CO3 + 2CH3COOH —– CO2 + H2O + 2CH3COONa

35
Q

true or false

hydrosis of an ester makes a reacement

A

true
hydrolysis is adding water
needed it to make an acid-base

36
Q

ammonia and acid chloride

A

amide

37
Q

ammonia abd anhydride

A

amide

38
Q

amine and acid chloride

A

N-substitued amide

39
Q

amine and anhydride

A

N-substitued amide

40
Q

alcohol and acid chloride

A

carboxylic acid

41
Q

alcohol and anhydride

A

carboxylic acid

42
Q

uses of acylation reactions

ethanoic anhydride

A

cheaper
less corrosive
doesn’t react with water
safer byproduct of its reaction is ethnic acid

43
Q

hydrolysis of esters

A

Esters can be hydrolysed in acid or alkaline conditions to form alcohols and carboxylic acids or salts of carboxylic acids.
Vegetable oils and animal fats can be hydrolysed in alkaline conditions to give soap (salts of long-chain carboxylic acids) and glycerol.