25 Nomenclature and isomerism

Question 1

alkene

Answer 1

suffix- ene

prefix -

Question 2

alkynes

Answer 2

suffix- yne

prefix -

Question 3

halogenoalkanes

Answer 3

suffix-
prefix - halo-
(fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo- )

Question 4

carboxylic acids

Answer 4

suffix- oic acid

prefix -

Question 5

anhydrides

Answer 5

suffix- anhydride

prefix -

Question 6

ester

Answer 6

suffix- oate

prefix -

Question 7

acyl chloride

Answer 7

suffix- oyl chloride

prefix -

Question 8

amides

Answer 8

suffix- amide

prefix -

Question 9

nitriles

Answer 9

suffix- nitrile

prefix -

Question 10

aldehydes

Answer 10

suffix- al

prefix -

Question 11

ketone

Answer 11

suffix-one

prefix -

Question 12

alcohols

Answer 12

suffix-ol

prefix - hydroxy

Question 13

amines

Answer 13

suffix- amine

prefix - amino

Question 14

different types of isomerism

Answer 14

different functional groups
have a functional group attached to the main chain at a different point
the different arrangement of carbon atoms in the skeleton of the molecule

Question 15

optical isomer

Answer 15

pairs of molecules that are non-superimposable mirror images

occurs when four different substituents attached to one carbon atom
(Optical isomerism is a form of stereoisomerism and occurs as a result of chirality in molecules, limited to molecules with a single chiral centre)

Question 16

chiral

Answer 16

a chiral molecule exists in two mirror images forms that are not superimposable

Question 17

chiral centre

Answer 17

an atom to which four different atoms or groups are bonded. the presence of such an atom causes the parent molecule to exist as a pair of nonsuperimposable mirror images

Question 18

polaroid

Answer 18

all the vibrations are cut out except those in one plane

Question 19

polarimeter

Answer 19

• polarised light is passed through two solutions of the same concentration, each containing different optical isomer of the same substance
• one solution will turn clockwise and another will turn anticlockwise

Question 20

racemate

Answer 20

50:50 mixture of two optically active compounds

Question 21

Synthesis of 2-hydroxypropanic acid (lactic acid)

Answer 21

Hydrogen cyranide and ethanal = 2-hydroxypropanenitrile
( nucleophilic addition)

2-hydroxpropanenitrile + hydrogen chloride = lactic acid

Question 22

Optical isomers in the drug industry

Answer 22

Some drigs are optically active molecules. Many drugs work by a molecule of the active ingredient fitting an area of the cell, so only one optical isomer would fit.

But one isomer could be dangerous
1-separate isomers
2-sell the mixture as a drug
3- design an alternative synthesis of the drug that makes only the required isomer

Question 23

stereoisomerism

Answer 23

same molecular formula
samme structure
different position of atoms in space

Question 24

chirality

Answer 24

ability to be a optical isomerism

Question 25

lactic acid

Answer 25

2-hydroxypropanic acid

Question 26

Ibuprofen

Answer 26

work by = molecules of the active ingredient fitting an area of the cell

one optical isomer is effective ( the other one is harmful )

options
1-separte the two isomers
2-sell drugs as a mixture
3-desgin an alternative synthesis that isomer

Question 27

(enantiomers)

Answer 27

An asymmetric carbon atom is chiral and gives rise to optical isomers (enantiomers), which exist as non super- imposable mirror images and differ in their effect on plane polarised light.
racemic mixture (racemate)

Question 28

how to make hydroxynitriles

Answer 28

The nucleophilic addition reactions of carbonyl compounds with KCN, followed by dilute acid, to produce hydroxynitriles.

Question 29

nucleophilic addition

reduced to primary alcohols

Answer 29

Aldehydes can be reduced to primary alcohols, and ketones to secondary alcohols, using NaBH4 in aqueous solution. These reduction reactions are examples of nucleophilic addition.