2.6 Cell Specialisation

Question 1

what is differentiation?

Answer 1

when a cell becomes specialised to carry out a particular function

Question 2

what are the 3 types of variation?

Answer 2

changes in no. of organelles
change in shape of cell
change in contents of cell

Question 3

give an example of a cell with changes to the number of organelles:

Answer 3

muscle cell

Question 4

give an example of a cell with change to its shape:

Answer 4

root hair cell

Question 5

give an example of a cell with change to its contents:

Answer 5

RBC

Question 6

what is a tissue?

Answer 6

group of cells

Question 7

what is a organ?

Answer 7

group of tissues

Question 8

what is a organ system?

Answer 8

group of organs

Question 9

what are the 4 types of tissue?

Answer 9

muscle
epithelial
connective
nervous

Question 10

name some types of epithelial tissue:

Answer 10

squamous

ciliated

Question 11

name some types of connective tissue:

Answer 11

blood

cartilage

Question 12

name some types of muscle tissue:

Answer 12

smooth
cardiac
striated

Question 13

are arteries and veins organs or tissues?

Answer 13

organs as they are made of many tissue types

Question 14

are capillaries organs or tissues?

Answer 14

tissues

Question 15

what are erythrocytes?

Answer 15

red blood cells

Question 16

how is the shape of erythrocytes adapted to their function?

Answer 16

flattened bio-concave shape increases surface area to volume ratio essential to their role of transporting O2

Question 17

how are erythrocytes adapted to their function in their contents?

Answer 17

no nuclei and few organelles

increases space for haemoglobin

Question 18

how are erythrocytes adapted to their function in being flexible?

Answer 18

flexible to squeeze through narrow capillaries

Question 19

what are neutrophils?

Answer 19

white blood cells

Question 20

how is a neutrophils nucleus adapted to it’s function?

Answer 20

multi lobed

easy for them to change shape and squeeze through small gaps to get to the site of infection

Question 21

how is a neutrophils granular cytoplasm adapted to it’s function?

Answer 21

contains many lysosomes with enzymes to attack pathogens

Question 22

how is a sperm cell adapted to swim?

Answer 22

flagellum

many mitochondria for energy

Question 23

how is a sperm cell’s nucleus adapted to it’s function?

Answer 23

large nucleus to store genetic information

Question 24

what adaptions does a palisade cell have?

Answer 24

chloroplasts
thin cell walls
rectangular in shape
large vacuoles

Question 25

what adaptations does a sperm cell have?

Answer 25

flagellum
large nuclei
many mitochondria

Question 26

what adaptations does a erythrocyte have?

Answer 26

flexible
no nuclei and organelles
flattened bio concave shape

Question 27

what adaptations does a neutrophil have?

Answer 27

multilobed nucleus

granular cytoplasm

Question 28

how is a palisade cell having chloroplasts useful for its function?

Answer 28

absorb large amounts of light for photosynthesis

Question 29

how is a palisade cell having thin cell walls useful for its function?

Answer 29

increases rate of CO2 diffusion

Question 30

how is a palisade cell having rectangular box shapes useful for its function?

Answer 30

to pack closely together

Question 31

how is a palisade cell having large vacuoles useful for its function?

Answer 31

lots of water to maintain turgor pressure

Question 32

what adaptations does a root hair cell have?

Answer 32

long extensions - root hairs

thin walls

Question 33

how is a root hair cell having long extensions useful for its function?

Answer 33

increases surface area

Question 34

how is a root hair cell having thin cell wall useful for its function?

Answer 34

absorbs water and ions from soil

Question 35

what adaptations does a guard cell have?

Answer 35

thick cell wall on one side

Question 36

what do pairs of guard cells form? and what is their role?

Answer 36

openings called stomata

to allow CO2 to diffuse in and O2 to diffuse out

Question 37

when water is lost what happens to the guard cells?

Answer 37

they become less swollen which closes the stomata preventing water loss

Question 38

how is a guard cell having a thicker cell wall on one side useful for its function?

Answer 38

so the cell doesn’t change shape as the volume does

Question 39

what adaptations does ciliated epithelium have?

Answer 39

cilia

goblet cells

Question 40

how is ciliated epithelium having cilia useful to it’s function?

Answer 40

stops bacteria entering trachea by wafting mucous

Question 41

what do goblet cells of the ciliated epithelium do?

Answer 41

secrete mucous to trap bacteria preventing damage to the lungs