2.5 Organic Compounds Essential To Human Functioning Flashcards
1
Q
Organic molecules are formed from what type of bond?
A
covalent bond
2
Q
four types of organic compounds
A
- carbohydrates
- lipids
- proteins
- nucleic acids
3
Q
- most abundant compounds of life
- has C, H, O
A
Carbohydrates
4
Q
-one sugar unit
-is the simplest carbohydrates
A
Monosaccharides
5
Q
Monosaccharides contain how many carbon atoms
A
3-7
6
Q
- two sugar units
- are the simplest short-chain carbohydrates.
A
Disaccharides
7
Q
five possible monosaccharides
A
glucose
fructose
galactose
ribose
deoxyribose
8
Q
three common disaccharides
A
lactose
sucrose
maltose
9
Q
present in milk
A
lactose
10
Q
glucose + galactose
A
lactose
11
Q
a transport form of sugar used by plants and harvested by humans for use in food.
A
sucrose
12
Q
glucose + fructose
A
sucrose
13
Q
present in germinating seeds.
A
maltose
14
Q
glucose + glucose
A
maltose
15
Q
are straight or branched chains of hundreds or thousands of sugar monomers. Polysaccharides are also called complex carbohydrates
A
Polysaccharide
16
Q
a plant storage form of energy, arranged as unbranched coiled chains, easily hydrolyzed to glucose units.
A
starch
17
Q
a highly-branched chain used by animals to store energy in muscles and liver
A
glycogen
18
Q
are greasy or oily compounds with little tendency to dissolve in water because they tend to be nonpolar (=hydrophobic)
A
Lipids
19
Q
Lipids are broken down by ______ reactions and created by ______ reactions.
a. hydrolysis; dehydration
b. dehydration; hydrolysis
A
a. hydrolysis; dehydration
20
Q
varieties of lipids
A
- fatty acids
- glycerides
- phospholipids
- steroids
- eicosanoids
21
Q
- long carbon chains with hydrogen atoms attached.
- serve as energy sources and are absorbed from food or synthesized within body cells.
A
Fatty acids
22
Q
the head of fatty acids bears the
A
-COOH group
23
Q
The carbon chain attached to the head in a fatty acid is called the
A
hydrocarbon tail
24
Q
have only single carbon-carbon bonds in their tail and tend to be solid at room temperature.
A
saturated fatty acid
25
are liquids at room temperature because one or more double bonds between the carbons in the fatty acids permit “kinks” in the tails
unsaturated fatty acid
26
one or more fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol
glycerides
27
Different types of glycerides. Differentiate the three
1. Monoglycerides - one fatty acid attached to a glycerol
2. Diglycerides - two fatty acids attached to a glycerol
3. Triglycerides - three fatty acids attached to a glycerol
28
-stored in fat deposits and must be broken down to fatty acids and glycerol before they can be used as an energy source.
Glycerides
29
uses of glycerides
insulation and physical protection
30
formed by the attachment of two fatty acids plus a phosphate group to a glycerol
Phospholipids and glycolipids
31
phospholipids with sugar groups attached to the head end.
glycolipids
32
main structural material of plasma membranes where they arrange in bilayers.
phospholipids
33
possess a backbone of four carbon rings but no fatty acid tails
steroids
34
a component of plasma membranes in animal cells
and can be modified to form sex hormones (testosterone and estrogen) and vitamin D.
cholesterol
35
are lipids derived from arachidonic acid, a fatty acid that must be absorbed in the
diet because it cannot be synthesized in the body
eicosanoids
36
are produced by cells involved with coordinating the responses to injury
or disease, and they will be considered in later chapters.
Leukotrienes
37
-short chain fatty acids in which five of the carbon atoms are joined in a
ring
prostaglandins
38
-released by cells to coordinate or direct local cellular activities and they are extremely powerful, even in minute quantities
prostaglandins
39
most diverse of all biological compounds.
proteins
40
proteins compose approximately _____% of total body weight.
20%
41
proteins contain what chemical elements
a. carbon, iron, hydrogen, sodium
b. carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen
c. carbon, sodium, oxygen, hydrogen
d. carbon, iron, nitrogen, hydrogen
b. carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen
42
Proteins function as what, in cell movements, as storage and transport agents, as hormones,
as antibodies, and as structural material.
enzymes
43
The monomer unit of a protein is an
amino acid
44
are small organic molecules with a nitrogen group (amine) attached to a carboxyl group (acid) and an R group (remainder).
amino acids
45
A polymer of amino acids is often called a
polypeptide
46
bond that is formed between the amino acids during dehydration synthesis.
peptide bonds
47
Different levels of protein structure
primary structure
secondary structure
tertiary structure
quaternary structure
48
Different levels of protein structure
primary structure
secondary structure
tertiary structure
quaternary structure
49
ORDERED SEQUENCES amino acids each linked together by peptide bonds to form linear polypeptide chains.
primary structure
50
ORDERED SEQUENCES of amino acids each linked together by peptide bonds to form linear polypeptide chains.
primary structure
51
refers to the HELICAL COIL (as in hemoglobin) or SHEET-LIKE ARRAY (as in silk) that results from hydrogen bonding of side groups on the amino acid chains.
secondary structure
52
is the result of FOLDING DUE TO INTERACTIONS AMONG R GROUPS along the
polypeptide chain and is sometimes called “supercoiling”.
tertiary structure
53
describes the twisting of two of more polypeptide chains
quaternary structure
54
describes the twisting of two of more polypeptide chains
quaternary structure
55
Hemoglobin is an example of
globular protein
56
Keratin is an example of
fibrous protein
57
changing the shape of a protein alters its function
denaturation
58
biological important proteins that act as catalysts which accelerate the rate of biochemical reaction by lowering the amount of energy required to start the reaction
enzyme
59
Enzymes are biological important proteins that act as
catalyst
60
a groove or pocket where substrates bind and undergo a chemical reaction.
active site
61
Substrate binding produces
enzyme-substrate complex
62
large organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorous.
Nucleic acid
63
monomer unit of a nucleic acid is a
nucleotide
64
nucleic acids are made up of
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
65
Each nucleotide consists of three components, what are those?
Five-carbon sugar
Nitrogen-containing base
Phosphate group
66
two types of nitrogen bases
purines and pyrimidines
67
two purines
Adenine (A) and Guanine (G)
68
three pyrimidines
Cytosine (C)
Thymine (T)
Uracil (U)
69
occurs between one purine and one pyrimidine
Complimentary base pairing
70
occurs between one purine and one pyrimidine
Complimentary base pairing
71
Complimentary base of DNA
A-T
C-G
72
complimentary bases of RNA
A-U
C-G
73
three most important nucleic acids are
DNA
RNA
ATP
74
a double-stranded helix carrying encoded hereditary instructions.
DNA
75
single-stranded and functions in translating the code to build proteins.
RNA
76
single nucleotide that contains three phosphate groups and can readily release the
phosphates to release energy for the cell to perform work
ATP
77
single nucleotide that contains three phosphate groups and can readily release the
phosphates to release energy for the cell to perform work
ATP
78
Difference between the sugar group of DNA and RNA
DNA contains deoxyribose sugar
RNA contains ribose sugar
79
Difference between the nitrogenous base of DNA and RNA
DNA- A, T, C, G
RNA- A, U, C, G
80
Difference between the nitrogenous base of DNA and RNA
DNA- A, T, C, G
RNA- A, U, C, G
81
Difference between the number of nucleotides of DNA and RNA
DNA- more than 45 million nucleotides
RNA- no more than 50,000 nucleotides
82
difference between the shape of DNA and RNA
DNA- double helix
RNA -single stranded
83
difference of the function of DNA and RNA
DNA- stores genetic information that controls protein synthesis
RNA -performs protein synthesis as directed by DNA.
