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Anatomy and Physiology > 2.5 Organic Compounds Essential To Human Functioning > Flashcards

2.5 Organic Compounds Essential To Human Functioning Flashcards

1
Q

Organic molecules are formed from what type of bond?

A

covalent bond

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2
Q

four types of organic compounds

A
  1. carbohydrates
  2. lipids
  3. proteins
  4. nucleic acids
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3
Q
  • most abundant compounds of life
  • has C, H, O
A

Carbohydrates

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4
Q

-one sugar unit
-is the simplest carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides

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5
Q

Monosaccharides contain how many carbon atoms

A

3-7

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6
Q
  • two sugar units
  • are the simplest short-chain carbohydrates.
A

Disaccharides

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7
Q

five possible monosaccharides

A

glucose
fructose
galactose

ribose
deoxyribose

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8
Q

three common disaccharides

A

lactose
sucrose
maltose

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9
Q

present in milk

A

lactose

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10
Q

glucose + galactose

A

lactose

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11
Q

a transport form of sugar used by plants and harvested by humans for use in food.

A

sucrose

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12
Q

glucose + fructose

A

sucrose

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13
Q

present in germinating seeds.

A

maltose

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14
Q

glucose + glucose

A

maltose

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15
Q

are straight or branched chains of hundreds or thousands of sugar monomers. Polysaccharides are also called complex carbohydrates

A

Polysaccharide

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16
Q

a plant storage form of energy, arranged as unbranched coiled chains, easily hydrolyzed to glucose units.

A

starch

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17
Q

a highly-branched chain used by animals to store energy in muscles and liver

A

glycogen

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18
Q

are greasy or oily compounds with little tendency to dissolve in water because they tend to be nonpolar (=hydrophobic)

A

Lipids

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19
Q

Lipids are broken down by ______ reactions and created by ______ reactions.

a. hydrolysis; dehydration
b. dehydration; hydrolysis

A

a. hydrolysis; dehydration

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20
Q

varieties of lipids

A
  1. fatty acids
  2. glycerides
  3. phospholipids
  4. steroids
  5. eicosanoids
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21
Q
  • long carbon chains with hydrogen atoms attached.
  • serve as energy sources and are absorbed from food or synthesized within body cells.
A

Fatty acids

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22
Q

the head of fatty acids bears the

A

-COOH group

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23
Q

The carbon chain attached to the head in a fatty acid is called the

A

hydrocarbon tail

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24
Q

have only single carbon-carbon bonds in their tail and tend to be solid at room temperature.

A

saturated fatty acid

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25
Q

are liquids at room temperature because one or more double bonds between the carbons in the fatty acids permit “kinks” in the tails

A

unsaturated fatty acid

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26
Q

one or more fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol

A

glycerides

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27
Q

Different types of glycerides. Differentiate the three

A
  1. Monoglycerides - one fatty acid attached to a glycerol
  2. Diglycerides - two fatty acids attached to a glycerol
  3. Triglycerides - three fatty acids attached to a glycerol
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28
Q

-stored in fat deposits and must be broken down to fatty acids and glycerol before they can be used as an energy source.

A

Glycerides

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29
Q

uses of glycerides

A

insulation and physical protection

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30
Q

formed by the attachment of two fatty acids plus a phosphate group to a glycerol

A

Phospholipids and glycolipids

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31
Q

phospholipids with sugar groups attached to the head end.

A

glycolipids

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32
Q

main structural material of plasma membranes where they arrange in bilayers.

A

phospholipids

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33
Q

possess a backbone of four carbon rings but no fatty acid tails

A

steroids

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34
Q

a component of plasma membranes in animal cells
and can be modified to form sex hormones (testosterone and estrogen) and vitamin D.

A

cholesterol

35
Q

are lipids derived from arachidonic acid, a fatty acid that must be absorbed in the
diet because it cannot be synthesized in the body

A

eicosanoids

36
Q

are produced by cells involved with coordinating the responses to injury
or disease, and they will be considered in later chapters.

A

Leukotrienes

37
Q

-short chain fatty acids in which five of the carbon atoms are joined in a
ring

A

prostaglandins

38
Q

-released by cells to coordinate or direct local cellular activities and they are extremely powerful, even in minute quantities

A

prostaglandins

39
Q

most diverse of all biological compounds.

A

proteins

40
Q

proteins compose approximately _____% of total body weight.

A

20%

41
Q

proteins contain what chemical elements

a. carbon, iron, hydrogen, sodium
b. carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen
c. carbon, sodium, oxygen, hydrogen
d. carbon, iron, nitrogen, hydrogen

A

b. carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen

42
Q

Proteins function as what, in cell movements, as storage and transport agents, as hormones,
as antibodies, and as structural material.

A

enzymes

43
Q

The monomer unit of a protein is an

A

amino acid

44
Q

are small organic molecules with a nitrogen group (amine) attached to a carboxyl group (acid) and an R group (remainder).

A

amino acids

45
Q

A polymer of amino acids is often called a

A

polypeptide

46
Q

bond that is formed between the amino acids during dehydration synthesis.

A

peptide bonds

47
Q

Different levels of protein structure

A

primary structure
secondary structure
tertiary structure
quaternary structure

48
Q

Different levels of protein structure

A

primary structure
secondary structure
tertiary structure
quaternary structure

49
Q

ORDERED SEQUENCES amino acids each linked together by peptide bonds to form linear polypeptide chains.

A

primary structure

50
Q

ORDERED SEQUENCES of amino acids each linked together by peptide bonds to form linear polypeptide chains.

A

primary structure

51
Q

refers to the HELICAL COIL (as in hemoglobin) or SHEET-LIKE ARRAY (as in silk) that results from hydrogen bonding of side groups on the amino acid chains.

A

secondary structure

52
Q

is the result of FOLDING DUE TO INTERACTIONS AMONG R GROUPS along the
polypeptide chain and is sometimes called “supercoiling”.

A

tertiary structure

53
Q

describes the twisting of two of more polypeptide chains

A

quaternary structure

54
Q

describes the twisting of two of more polypeptide chains

A

quaternary structure

55
Q

Hemoglobin is an example of

A

globular protein

56
Q

Keratin is an example of

A

fibrous protein

57
Q

changing the shape of a protein alters its function

A

denaturation

58
Q

biological important proteins that act as catalysts which accelerate the rate of biochemical reaction by lowering the amount of energy required to start the reaction

A

enzyme

59
Q

Enzymes are biological important proteins that act as

A

catalyst

60
Q

a groove or pocket where substrates bind and undergo a chemical reaction.

A

active site

61
Q

Substrate binding produces

A

enzyme-substrate complex

62
Q

large organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorous.

A

Nucleic acid

63
Q

monomer unit of a nucleic acid is a

A

nucleotide

64
Q

nucleic acids are made up of

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Phosphorus

65
Q

Each nucleotide consists of three components, what are those?

A

Five-carbon sugar
Nitrogen-containing base
Phosphate group

66
Q

two types of nitrogen bases

A

purines and pyrimidines

67
Q

two purines

A

Adenine (A) and Guanine (G)

68
Q

three pyrimidines

A

Cytosine (C)
Thymine (T)
Uracil (U)

69
Q

occurs between one purine and one pyrimidine

A

Complimentary base pairing

70
Q

occurs between one purine and one pyrimidine

A

Complimentary base pairing

71
Q

Complimentary base of DNA

A

A-T
C-G

72
Q

complimentary bases of RNA

A

A-U
C-G

73
Q

three most important nucleic acids are

A

DNA
RNA
ATP

74
Q

a double-stranded helix carrying encoded hereditary instructions.

A

DNA

75
Q

single-stranded and functions in translating the code to build proteins.

A

RNA

76
Q

single nucleotide that contains three phosphate groups and can readily release the
phosphates to release energy for the cell to perform work

A

ATP

77
Q

single nucleotide that contains three phosphate groups and can readily release the
phosphates to release energy for the cell to perform work

A

ATP

78
Q

Difference between the sugar group of DNA and RNA

A

DNA contains deoxyribose sugar
RNA contains ribose sugar

79
Q

Difference between the nitrogenous base of DNA and RNA

A

DNA- A, T, C, G
RNA- A, U, C, G

80
Q

Difference between the nitrogenous base of DNA and RNA

A

DNA- A, T, C, G
RNA- A, U, C, G

81
Q

Difference between the number of nucleotides of DNA and RNA

A

DNA- more than 45 million nucleotides
RNA- no more than 50,000 nucleotides

82
Q

difference between the shape of DNA and RNA

A

DNA- double helix
RNA -single stranded

83
Q

difference of the function of DNA and RNA

A

DNA- stores genetic information that controls protein synthesis

RNA -performs protein synthesis as directed by DNA.

Anatomy and Physiology (6 decks)

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