2401- Anatomy Nasal Cavity, Pharynx, Larynx Flashcards
What is the action of the Cricothyroid muscle?
Tenses vocal cords
What is the action of the Posterior Cricoarytenoid muscle?
Abducts the vocal cords and opens rima glottis
What is the action of the Lateral Cricoarytenoid muscle?
Adducts the vocal cords and closes rima glottis
What is the arterial and nerve supply of the maxillary sinus?
Anterior, middle, posterior superior branch of the maxillary artery and nerves and infraorbital nerves.
What is the blood supply to the Ethmoidal air sinuses?
Anterior and posterior ethmoidal vessels
What structure does the anterior and middle ethmoidal air sinuses drain into?
Middle meatus
What structure does the posterior ethmoidal air sinuses drain into?
Superior meatus
What separates the ethmoidal air sinuses from the medial wall of the orbit?
Lamina papyracea
Where does the sphenoidal air sinuses drain into?
Sphenoethmodial recess.
What is the nerve and arterial supply to the sphenoidal air sinuses?
Posterior ethmoidal nerves and vessels
State the communication exchange between the following for the nasopharynx:
A) anteriorly
B) inferiorly
Anteriorly - posterior nasal aperture or choanae
Inferiorly- pharyngeal isthmus (nasopharyngeal isthmus)
List the components of the Waldeyer’s ring.
Palatine
Tubular
Pharyngeal
Lingual tonsils.
What are the three parts of the pharynx?
- Nasopharynx - epi
- Oropharynx- meso
- Laryngopharynx- hypo
What type of epithelium lines the nasopharynx?
Ciliated columnar epithelium
What is the clinical significance of the maxillary sinus?
Most commonly infected sinus
What is the drainage pathway for the maxillary air sinus?
Drains into the posterior part of the hiatus semilunaris
What is the nerve supply to the nasal septum?
Olfactory zone and branches of the trigeminal nerve
What are the four pairs of paranasal air sinuses?
- Frontal air sinuses
- Ethmoidal air sinuses
- Maxillary air sinuses
- Sphenoidal air sinus
What functions do the paranasal air sinuses serve?
- Make facial bones lighter
- Add resonance to voice
- Condition inspired air
What is the clinical condition associated with infection of the frontal air sinus?
Frontal lobe abscess or orbital cellulitis
State the avenues in which the oropharynx communicates with the following:
A) nasopharynx
B) oral cavity
A) pharyngeal isthmus
B) Oropharyngeal isthmus
What is the primary function of the olfactory nerves?
Convey sense of smell
What is the role of the Vidian nerve in the nasal cavity?
Supplies autonomic nerves
What is the location of the palatine tonsil?
Situated in the tonsillar fossa of the lateral wall of the oropharynx
The tonsillar fossa is bounded anteriorly by the palatoglossal fold and posteriorly by the palatopharyngeal fold.
What forms the wall of the oropharynx?
All three constrictors
The constrictors are the superior, middle, and inferior pharyngeal constrictors.
What type of cartilage are the thyroid, cricoid, and basal part of arytenoid cartilages composed of?
Hyaline cartilages
These cartilages tend to ossify after 25 years of age.
Which cartilage of the larynx completely encircles the structure?
Cricoid cartilage
What type of cartilage are epiglottis, corniculate, cuniform, and apices of arytenoid cartilages composed of?
Elastic cartilage
They do not ossify
What is the oil can of the larynx? Where is it located?
Saccule of the larynx.
Located in the ventricle (sinus) of larynx. - middle structure.
State the lining of the mucosa of the rima glottis.
Lined by stratified squamous epithelium
Lining of the vocal cords.
What are the two types of muscles in the larynx?
- Extrinsic muscles
- Intrinsic muscles
What are the extrinsic muscles of the larynx responsible for? List the muscles for each category.
Elevating and depressing the larynx
Elevators- ST. MGD
Stylohyoid
Thryohyoid
Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid
Digastric
Depressors- SOS
Sternothyroid
Sternohyoid
Omohyoid
What are the paired cartilages of the larynx?
- Arytenoid cartilage
- Corniculate cartilage
- Cuneiform cartilage
The cricothyroid and cricoarytenoid joints have what function in common?
Rotary and gliding movements
Which vessels pierces the thyrohyoid membrane?
Internal laryngeal nerves and superior laryngeal vessels
List the boundaries of the laryngeal inlet
Anterior- epiglottis
Posterior - interarytenoid fold
On both sides- aryepiglottic fold
What are the unpaired cartilages of the larynx?
- Thyroid cartilage
- Cricoid cartilage
- Epiglottis
What is the action of the following is intrinsic muscles:
A) vocalis
B) Aryepiglotticus
C) Thryoepiglotticus
D) Tranverse arytenoid
E) Oblique arytenoid
F) Thyroarytenoid
A) relaxes the vocal cord
B) closes laryngeal inlet
C) widens/ opens laryngeal inlet
D) closes rima glottis
E) closed rima glottis
F) relaxes vocal cord
According to Sermons law, lesions of the recurrent nerve would affect which muscle first?
Posterior crico- arytenoid muscle.
Nerve supplying abductors are longer and has less thresh-hold.
What is the action of the vocalis muscle?
Relaxes the vocal cords
What is the primary function of the nose?
Respiration
It also contains the peripheral organ of smell.
Give the blood supply of the larynx.
Vocal cord and above- superior laryngeal vessels
Below vocal cord- inferior laryngeal vessels.
What are the primary functions of the nose?
- Respiration
- Olfaction
- Protection of lower respiratory passage
- Conditioning the inspired air
- Vocal resonance
- Nasal reflex functions (e.g. Sneezing)
What condition results from hypertrophy of sebaceous glands on the nose?
Rhinophyma
What is Little’s area?
A highly vascular area in the antero-inferior part of the nasal septum
What is the sensory nerve supply to the larynx above the vocal folds?
Internal laryngeal nerve
Which nerve supplies all intrinsic muscles of the larynx?
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
What is the exception to the motor supply of intrinsic laryngeal muscles?
Cricothyroid muscle is supplied by the external laryngeal nerve
What is the blood supply of the larynx - vocal folds and above?
Superior laryngeal vessels
What is the clinical procedure used to examine the larynx?
Laryngoscopy
What is tracheostomy?
A reversible emergency operation done in cases of laryngeal obstruction
How many C-shaped cartilaginous rings does the trachea have?
16-20
What is the name of the last tracheal ring?
Carina
What is the mucous membrane of the trachea lined with?
Ciliated columnar epithelium
What is the length of the trachea?
4-6 inches
Where does the trachea begin?
At the lower border of cricoid cartilage (C6) and ends at T4. When burificates ends at T6
What are the boundaries of the rima glottidis?
- In front – angle of thyroid cartilage
- Behind – interarytenoid folds of mucous membrane
- On each side – vocal folds and vocal process of arytenoid cartilage
What supplies the external nose with blood?
- Dorsal nasal branch of ophthalmic artery
- Infra-orbital branch of maxillary artery
- Alar and septal branches of facial artery
What are the nasal conchae?
What is its development?
- Superior concha
- Middle concha
- Inferior concha
What is the purpose of cilia in the nasal cavity?
To filter, moisten, and humidify the air passing through the nasal cavity
What forms the upper limit of the vestibule on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?
Limen nasi
The limen nasi acts as a boundary between the vestibule and the nasal cavity proper.
What forms the medial wall of the vestibule?
Columella
The columella is the structure that separates the two nostrils.
What are the three parts/ bones of the roof of the nasal cavity proper?
- Anterior or fronto-nasal part
- Intermediate or ethmoidal part
- Posterior or sphenoidal part
Each part has specific supporting structures and orientations.
State how the nasal cavity communicates with the following:
A) exterior
B) nasopharynx
A) naris or nostril
B) posterior nasal aperture or choanae
What forms the bony part of the nasal septum?
- Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid (postero-superior part)
- Vomer (postero-inferior part)
- Nasal spine of frontal bone
- Crest formed by the nasal bones
- Sphenoidal crest
These components contribute to the structural integrity of the nasal septum.
What bones forms the floor of the nasal cavity proper?
the palatine processes of maxilla and the horizontal processes of the palatine bone.
What is the arterial blood supply of the external nose?
Dorsal nasal branch of ophthalmic artery
Infra- orbital branch of maxillary artery
Alar and septal branch of facial artery.
Give the nerve supply of the external nose.
External/ dorsal nasal and infra-trochlear branch of ophthalmic nerve
Infra- orbital branch of maxillary nerve.
List the muscles of the nose and give its function.
- Procerus - presents wrinkles when frowning
- Nasalis:
- transverse/ compressor naris - compresses nasal aperture.
- alar/ dilator naris - dilates nasal aperture. - Depressor septi - active during anger and dilates anterior nasal aperture.
Note: All supplied by facial nerve.
List the bones that make up the lateral wall of the nasal cavity.
NFL CIPM
Nasal conchae
Frontal process or maxillae
Lacrimal bone
Conchae and labyrinth of ethmoid
Perpendicular plate of palatine
Medial pterygoid plate of sphenoid
List the structures found in the ethmoid and frontal bone (sinuses).
Ethmoid
Supreme, superior and middle conchae
Uncinate process
Cribriform plate.
Facial
Sinus
Nasal spine
Squamous part
List the structures found in the sphenoid and palatine bone (sinuses).
Sphenoid
Medial and lateral pterygoid process
Sphenoidal sinus
Pterygoid hamulus
Palatine
Perpendicular plate
Horizontal plate
Sphenoid process
Posterior nasal sinus
Orbital process
List the structures found in the maxillary bone (sinuses).
Frontal process
Alveolar process
Palatine
Anterior nasal spine
Incisive canal
Give the arterial supply of the lateral wall of nasal cavity.
Anterior- superior - anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries of the ophthalmic artery
Anterior - inferior - alar branch of facial and terminal branch of greater palatine artery
Posterior- superior - spheno- palatine branch of maxillary artery
Posterior inferior - greater palatine branch of maxillary artery
Give the arterial supply of the nasal septum.
Anterior superior - anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries or ophthalmic artery
Posterior inferior - spheno- palatine and greater palatine branch of maxillary artery
List the branches that form the vascular plexus, Kiesselbach’s plexus or Little’s area.
Anterior ethmoidal
Sphenopalatine
Greater palatine
Labial superior artery
State the nerve supply of the nasal septum.
Anterior superior - anterior ethmoidal branch of ophthalmic nerve
Anterior inferior - anterior superior nasal branch of maxillary artery
Posterior superior - posterior superior branch of pterygopalatine ganglion
Posterior inferior - nasopalatine branch of pterygopalatine ganglion
State the nerve supply of the nasal cavity.
Anterior superior - anterior ethmoidal branch of ophthalmic nerve
Anterior inferior - anterior superior alveolar branch of maxillary nerve and nasal branch of infra orbital nerve.
Posterior superior - posterior superior branch of pterygopalatine ganglion
Posterior inferior - anterior (greater) palatine branch of pterygopalatine ganglion
State the lining of the mucosa of the paranasal air sinuses.
Pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium
List the structures that open into the following:
A) inferior meatus
B) superior meatus
A) nasolacrimal duct
B) posterior ethmoidal air sinus
List the structures that are found in following located in the middle meatus:
A) bulla ethmoidalis
B) hiatus semilunaris
A) middle ethmoidal air sinus
B) frontal air sinus
Anterior ethmoid air sinus
Maxillary air sinus
In which structure does the frontal air sinus drain into? What is its nerve supply?
Hiatus semilunaris
Supra- orbital nerves
What is the blood supply of the trachea?
Inferior thyroid artery
List the intrinsic muscles of the larynx.
Sternothyroid
Sternohyoid
Omohyoid
