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MDSC 2401- Respiration > 2401- Anatomy Nasal Cavity, Pharynx, Larynx > Flashcards

2401- Anatomy Nasal Cavity, Pharynx, Larynx Flashcards

1
Q

What is the action of the Cricothyroid muscle?

A

Tenses vocal cords

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2
Q

What is the action of the Posterior Cricoarytenoid muscle?

A

Abducts the vocal cords and opens rima glottis

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3
Q

What is the action of the Lateral Cricoarytenoid muscle?

A

Adducts the vocal cords and closes rima glottis

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4
Q

What is the arterial and nerve supply of the maxillary sinus?

A

Anterior, middle, posterior superior branch of the maxillary artery and nerves and infraorbital nerves.

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5
Q

What is the blood supply to the Ethmoidal air sinuses?

A

Anterior and posterior ethmoidal vessels

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6
Q

What structure does the anterior and middle ethmoidal air sinuses drain into?

A

Middle meatus

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7
Q

What structure does the posterior ethmoidal air sinuses drain into?

A

Superior meatus

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8
Q

What separates the ethmoidal air sinuses from the medial wall of the orbit?

A

Lamina papyracea

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9
Q

Where does the sphenoidal air sinuses drain into?

A

Sphenoethmodial recess.

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10
Q

What is the nerve and arterial supply to the sphenoidal air sinuses?

A

Posterior ethmoidal nerves and vessels

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11
Q

State the communication exchange between the following for the nasopharynx:
A) anteriorly
B) inferiorly

A

Anteriorly - posterior nasal aperture or choanae
Inferiorly- pharyngeal isthmus (nasopharyngeal isthmus)

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12
Q

List the components of the Waldeyer’s ring.

A

Palatine
Tubular
Pharyngeal
Lingual tonsils.

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13
Q

What are the three parts of the pharynx?

A
  • Nasopharynx - epi
  • Oropharynx- meso
  • Laryngopharynx- hypo
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14
Q

What type of epithelium lines the nasopharynx?

A

Ciliated columnar epithelium

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15
Q

What is the clinical significance of the maxillary sinus?

A

Most commonly infected sinus

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16
Q

What is the drainage pathway for the maxillary air sinus?

A

Drains into the posterior part of the hiatus semilunaris

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17
Q

What is the nerve supply to the nasal septum?

A

Olfactory zone and branches of the trigeminal nerve

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18
Q

What are the four pairs of paranasal air sinuses?

A
  • Frontal air sinuses
  • Ethmoidal air sinuses
  • Maxillary air sinuses
  • Sphenoidal air sinus
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19
Q

What functions do the paranasal air sinuses serve?

A
  • Make facial bones lighter
  • Add resonance to voice
  • Condition inspired air
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20
Q

What is the clinical condition associated with infection of the frontal air sinus?

A

Frontal lobe abscess or orbital cellulitis

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21
Q

State the avenues in which the oropharynx communicates with the following:
A) nasopharynx
B) oral cavity

A

A) pharyngeal isthmus
B) Oropharyngeal isthmus

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22
Q

What is the primary function of the olfactory nerves?

A

Convey sense of smell

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23
Q

What is the role of the Vidian nerve in the nasal cavity?

A

Supplies autonomic nerves

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24
Q

What is the location of the palatine tonsil?

A

Situated in the tonsillar fossa of the lateral wall of the oropharynx

The tonsillar fossa is bounded anteriorly by the palatoglossal fold and posteriorly by the palatopharyngeal fold.

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25
Q

What forms the wall of the oropharynx?

A

All three constrictors

The constrictors are the superior, middle, and inferior pharyngeal constrictors.

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26
Q

What type of cartilage are the thyroid, cricoid, and basal part of arytenoid cartilages composed of?

A

Hyaline cartilages

These cartilages tend to ossify after 25 years of age.

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27
Q

Which cartilage of the larynx completely encircles the structure?

A

Cricoid cartilage

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28
Q

What type of cartilage are epiglottis, corniculate, cuniform, and apices of arytenoid cartilages composed of?

A

Elastic cartilage

They do not ossify

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29
Q

What is the oil can of the larynx? Where is it located?

A

Saccule of the larynx.
Located in the ventricle (sinus) of larynx. - middle structure.

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30
Q

State the lining of the mucosa of the rima glottis.

A

Lined by stratified squamous epithelium

Lining of the vocal cords.

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31
Q

What are the two types of muscles in the larynx?

A
  • Extrinsic muscles
  • Intrinsic muscles
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32
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the larynx responsible for? List the muscles for each category.

A

Elevating and depressing the larynx

Elevators- ST. MGD
Stylohyoid
Thryohyoid
Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid
Digastric

Depressors- SOS
Sternothyroid
Sternohyoid
Omohyoid

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33
Q

What are the paired cartilages of the larynx?

A
  • Arytenoid cartilage
  • Corniculate cartilage
  • Cuneiform cartilage
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34
Q

The cricothyroid and cricoarytenoid joints have what function in common?

A

Rotary and gliding movements

35
Q

Which vessels pierces the thyrohyoid membrane?

A

Internal laryngeal nerves and superior laryngeal vessels

36
Q

List the boundaries of the laryngeal inlet

A

Anterior- epiglottis
Posterior - interarytenoid fold
On both sides- aryepiglottic fold

37
Q

What are the unpaired cartilages of the larynx?

A
  • Thyroid cartilage
  • Cricoid cartilage
  • Epiglottis
38
Q

What is the action of the following is intrinsic muscles:
A) vocalis
B) Aryepiglotticus
C) Thryoepiglotticus
D) Tranverse arytenoid
E) Oblique arytenoid
F) Thyroarytenoid

A

A) relaxes the vocal cord
B) closes laryngeal inlet
C) widens/ opens laryngeal inlet
D) closes rima glottis
E) closed rima glottis
F) relaxes vocal cord

39
Q

According to Sermons law, lesions of the recurrent nerve would affect which muscle first?

A

Posterior crico- arytenoid muscle.

Nerve supplying abductors are longer and has less thresh-hold.

40
Q

What is the action of the vocalis muscle?

A

Relaxes the vocal cords

41
Q

What is the primary function of the nose?

A

Respiration

It also contains the peripheral organ of smell.

42
Q

Give the blood supply of the larynx.

A

Vocal cord and above- superior laryngeal vessels
Below vocal cord- inferior laryngeal vessels.

43
Q

What are the primary functions of the nose?

A
  • Respiration
  • Olfaction
  • Protection of lower respiratory passage
  • Conditioning the inspired air
  • Vocal resonance
  • Nasal reflex functions (e.g. Sneezing)
44
Q

What condition results from hypertrophy of sebaceous glands on the nose?

A

Rhinophyma

45
Q

What is Little’s area?

A

A highly vascular area in the antero-inferior part of the nasal septum

46
Q

What is the sensory nerve supply to the larynx above the vocal folds?

A

Internal laryngeal nerve

47
Q

Which nerve supplies all intrinsic muscles of the larynx?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

48
Q

What is the exception to the motor supply of intrinsic laryngeal muscles?

A

Cricothyroid muscle is supplied by the external laryngeal nerve

49
Q

What is the blood supply of the larynx - vocal folds and above?

A

Superior laryngeal vessels

50
Q

What is the clinical procedure used to examine the larynx?

A

Laryngoscopy

51
Q

What is tracheostomy?

A

A reversible emergency operation done in cases of laryngeal obstruction

52
Q

How many C-shaped cartilaginous rings does the trachea have?

A

16-20

53
Q

What is the name of the last tracheal ring?

A

Carina

54
Q

What is the mucous membrane of the trachea lined with?

A

Ciliated columnar epithelium

55
Q

What is the length of the trachea?

A

4-6 inches

56
Q

Where does the trachea begin?

A

At the lower border of cricoid cartilage (C6) and ends at T4. When burificates ends at T6

57
Q

What are the boundaries of the rima glottidis?

A
  • In front – angle of thyroid cartilage
  • Behind – interarytenoid folds of mucous membrane
  • On each side – vocal folds and vocal process of arytenoid cartilage
58
Q

What supplies the external nose with blood?

A
  • Dorsal nasal branch of ophthalmic artery
  • Infra-orbital branch of maxillary artery
  • Alar and septal branches of facial artery
59
Q

What are the nasal conchae?
What is its development?

A
  • Superior concha
  • Middle concha
  • Inferior concha
60
Q

What is the purpose of cilia in the nasal cavity?

A

To filter, moisten, and humidify the air passing through the nasal cavity

61
Q

What forms the upper limit of the vestibule on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?

A

Limen nasi

The limen nasi acts as a boundary between the vestibule and the nasal cavity proper.

62
Q

What forms the medial wall of the vestibule?

A

Columella

The columella is the structure that separates the two nostrils.

63
Q

What are the three parts/ bones of the roof of the nasal cavity proper?

A
  • Anterior or fronto-nasal part
  • Intermediate or ethmoidal part
  • Posterior or sphenoidal part

Each part has specific supporting structures and orientations.

64
Q

State how the nasal cavity communicates with the following:
A) exterior
B) nasopharynx

A

A) naris or nostril
B) posterior nasal aperture or choanae

65
Q

What forms the bony part of the nasal septum?

A
  • Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid (postero-superior part)
  • Vomer (postero-inferior part)
  • Nasal spine of frontal bone
  • Crest formed by the nasal bones
  • Sphenoidal crest

These components contribute to the structural integrity of the nasal septum.

66
Q

What bones forms the floor of the nasal cavity proper?

A

the palatine processes of maxilla and the horizontal processes of the palatine bone.

67
Q

What is the arterial blood supply of the external nose?

A

Dorsal nasal branch of ophthalmic artery
Infra- orbital branch of maxillary artery
Alar and septal branch of facial artery.

68
Q

Give the nerve supply of the external nose.

A

External/ dorsal nasal and infra-trochlear branch of ophthalmic nerve
Infra- orbital branch of maxillary nerve.

69
Q

List the muscles of the nose and give its function.

A
  1. Procerus - presents wrinkles when frowning
  2. Nasalis:
    - transverse/ compressor naris - compresses nasal aperture.
    - alar/ dilator naris - dilates nasal aperture.
  3. Depressor septi - active during anger and dilates anterior nasal aperture.

Note: All supplied by facial nerve.

70
Q

List the bones that make up the lateral wall of the nasal cavity.

A

NFL CIPM

Nasal conchae
Frontal process or maxillae
Lacrimal bone
Conchae and labyrinth of ethmoid
Perpendicular plate of palatine
Medial pterygoid plate of sphenoid

71
Q

List the structures found in the ethmoid and frontal bone (sinuses).

A

Ethmoid
Supreme, superior and middle conchae
Uncinate process
Cribriform plate.

Facial
Sinus
Nasal spine
Squamous part

72
Q

List the structures found in the sphenoid and palatine bone (sinuses).

A

Sphenoid
Medial and lateral pterygoid process
Sphenoidal sinus
Pterygoid hamulus

Palatine
Perpendicular plate
Horizontal plate
Sphenoid process
Posterior nasal sinus
Orbital process

73
Q

List the structures found in the maxillary bone (sinuses).

A

Frontal process
Alveolar process
Palatine
Anterior nasal spine
Incisive canal

74
Q

Give the arterial supply of the lateral wall of nasal cavity.

A

Anterior- superior - anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries of the ophthalmic artery
Anterior - inferior - alar branch of facial and terminal branch of greater palatine artery
Posterior- superior - spheno- palatine branch of maxillary artery
Posterior inferior - greater palatine branch of maxillary artery

75
Q

Give the arterial supply of the nasal septum.

A

Anterior superior - anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries or ophthalmic artery
Posterior inferior - spheno- palatine and greater palatine branch of maxillary artery

76
Q

List the branches that form the vascular plexus, Kiesselbach’s plexus or Little’s area.

A

Anterior ethmoidal
Sphenopalatine
Greater palatine
Labial superior artery

77
Q

State the nerve supply of the nasal septum.

A

Anterior superior - anterior ethmoidal branch of ophthalmic nerve
Anterior inferior - anterior superior nasal branch of maxillary artery
Posterior superior - posterior superior branch of pterygopalatine ganglion
Posterior inferior - nasopalatine branch of pterygopalatine ganglion

78
Q

State the nerve supply of the nasal cavity.

A

Anterior superior - anterior ethmoidal branch of ophthalmic nerve
Anterior inferior - anterior superior alveolar branch of maxillary nerve and nasal branch of infra orbital nerve.
Posterior superior - posterior superior branch of pterygopalatine ganglion
Posterior inferior - anterior (greater) palatine branch of pterygopalatine ganglion

79
Q

State the lining of the mucosa of the paranasal air sinuses.

A

Pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium

80
Q

List the structures that open into the following:
A) inferior meatus
B) superior meatus

A

A) nasolacrimal duct
B) posterior ethmoidal air sinus

81
Q

List the structures that are found in following located in the middle meatus:
A) bulla ethmoidalis
B) hiatus semilunaris

A

A) middle ethmoidal air sinus
B) frontal air sinus
Anterior ethmoid air sinus
Maxillary air sinus

82
Q

In which structure does the frontal air sinus drain into? What is its nerve supply?

A

Hiatus semilunaris
Supra- orbital nerves

83
Q

What is the blood supply of the trachea?

A

Inferior thyroid artery

84
Q

List the intrinsic muscles of the larynx.

A

Sternothyroid
Sternohyoid
Omohyoid

MDSC 2401- Respiration (9 decks)

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