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2.4 nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

definition of nutrition

A

obtaining nutrients to provide energy to maintain life functions, and matter to create and maintain structure

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2
Q

2 types of nutriton

A

autotrophs (producers)
heterotrophs

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3
Q

examples of autotrophs

A

plants/phytoplankta

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4
Q

examples of heterotrophs

A

paramecium/animals

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5
Q

what do autotrophs do

A

use simple inorganic materials such as water and carbon dioxide to manufacture energy. containing complex organic compounds

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6
Q

what do heterotrophs do

A

depend on autotrophs for their food supply. they consume complex organic food material, which must be broken down before its used

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7
Q

what do autotrophs provide

A

food for all other forms of life

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8
Q

photosynthesis in terms of food

A

light is the source of energy for the production of food.

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9
Q

2 types of bacteria

A

photosynthetic
chemosynthesis

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10
Q

photosynthetic bacteria…

A

use a pigment called bacteriochlorophyll (blue/purple) which needs light to photosyntheise

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11
Q

chemosynthesis bacteria….

A

can synthesise organic compunds from inorganic compounds in the absence of light

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12
Q

what are the organisms who aren’t dependent on photosynthesis reliant on

A

chemosynthesis

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13
Q

process of chemosynthesis

A

process where they use chemicals in hydrothermal vents to produce energy

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14
Q

properties of heterotrophic nutrition

A
  • connot make their own organic food
  • must consume organic compound made by autotrophs
  • known as consumerz
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15
Q

4 types of heterotrophic nutrition

A

-holozoic feeders
-saprophytes
-parasites
-mutualism

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16
Q

explain holozoic feeders…..

A

-include nearly all animals
-they take food into their bodies and break it down (digestion)
- most have specialised digestive systems
- digestive materials is then absorbed into the body tissue

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17
Q

herbivores

A

solely plant materials

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18
Q

carnivores

A

feed on other animals

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19
Q

detrivores

A

animals that feed on dead/decaying material

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20
Q

explain saprophytes

A

-feed on decaying matter
-don’t have a specialised digestive system
- include some bacteria/ALL fungi
-secrete enzymes
-food source is absorbed by diffusion across the cell membrane
- important in global ecosystems

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21
Q

where to saprophytes secrete enzymes

A

happens at the tip of the structure, the hypha

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22
Q

why are saprophytes important in global ecosystems

A

play a major part in decomposing dead plant materials and recycling nutrient (nitrogen)

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23
Q

explain parasites…..

A

-organisms that feed on/in other living organisms. host always suffers harm to some degree
-highly specialised and adaptive

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24
Q

example of parasites

A

tapeworm,malarial parasite

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25
Q

explain mutualism

A

or symbosis, involves a close association between members of two separate species. both benefit from the relationship

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26
Q

example of mutualism

A

digestion of cellulose by microorganisms in the gut of a herbivore

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27
Q

Example of unicellular organisms

A

Amoeba

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28
Q

Explain the digestion in unicellular organisms

A

-large SA to volume ratio
- May take in food by diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport
- May take in food by endocytosis, enzymes digest food in bachelors
- Exocytosis removes indigestion remains

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29
Q

Explain multicellular (with single body opening) organisms

A
  • cylindrical with tentacles surroundings its mouth
    -extracellular digestion by enzymes
    -products of digestion absorbed and remains egested in the mouth
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30
Q

Explain the digestive system of a shark

A

-short thick intestine pathway (high protein diet)
- Wide oesophagus
- large liver

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31
Q

Digestive system of salamender

A

Long small stomach
thin oesophagus

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32
Q

Digestive system of a liver

A

Bumpy intestine
Large curved stomach

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33
Q

Digestive system of a pigeon

A

Large crop (storing foods on long journeys)
Long intestine pathway
Gizzard (to break down food, they don’t have teeth)

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34
Q

Function of serosa

A

Protection, reduced friction between but and other organs

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34
Q

Properties of serosa

A

Outermost layer
Tough connective tissue (fibrous tissue, collagen)

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35
Q

What are the four layers of the gut wall

A

-serosa
-muscle
-submucosa
-mucosa

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36
Q

Properties of muscle

A

Inner circular muscle and outer longitudinal muscle that works together

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37
Q

Function of muscle layer

A

Peristaltic
Behind ball of food, circular contract and longitudinal relax

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38
Q

Properties of the submucosa layer

A

Connective tissue
Blood and lymph vessels, nerves

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39
Q

Function of the submucosa layer

A

vessels remove absorbed products of digestion. Nerves co-ordinate peristalsis

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40
Q

Properties of mucosa layer

A

Outermost layer

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41
Q

Function of mucosa layer

A

Epithelium secretes mucus. In some regions it secretes digestive juices and in others it absorbs digested food

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42
Q

What is physical digestion

A

Cutting and crushing by teeth
Mixed with saliva and mucus to soften the food and lubricate it

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43
Q

What is chemical digestion

A

In the mouth saliva contains saliva contains amylase to digest starch to maltose

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44
Q

Role of the oesophagus

A

Carried food to the stomach

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45
Q

What do oesophagus contain

A

Goblet cells
Circular and longitudinal muscle

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46
Q

What do goblet cells do

A

Produce mucus to lubricate the food
(found in mucosa)

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47
Q

What do circular/longitudinal muscles do

A

Allow peristalsis

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48
Q

What is peristalsis

A

Wave like motion pushing food down through the gut

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49
Q

What are found in the mucosa

A

Contains gastric pits

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50
Q

What do gastric pits contain

A

Oxyntic cells
Zymogen cells
Goblet cells

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51
Q

What do oxyntic cells contain

A

Produce HCL

52
Q

What do Zymogen cells produce

A

Produce pepsinogen

53
Q

What do goblet cells produce

A

Produce mucus

54
Q

How is pepsinogen activated

A

By HCL to make pepsin

55
Q

What does pepsin do

A

Breaks peptide bonds between amino acids in a polypeptide chain

56
Q

What is the function of the stomach

A

protein is digested, breaks large polypeptides into smaller polypeptides

57
Q

Enzymes involved in the stomach

A

Endopeptidase
(Pepsinogen)

58
Q

Special features of the stomach

A
  • sphincter muscles,
  • Wall muscles contract rhythmically (circular and longitudinal)
  • Gastric pits are glands in the mucosa
59
Q

first part of the small intestine called

A

duodenum

60
Q

role of the first section of the small intestine

A

-receives secretion from the liver and pancreas
-has bile from liver (stored in the gall bladder) bile salts emulsify lipids to increase SA
-aids lipase digestion

61
Q

what are pancreatic juices secreted by

A

islet cells (glands in pancreas)

62
Q

what does the duodenum contain

A

enzymes

63
Q

3 types of enzymes in the duodenum

A

trypsin
exopeptidase
amylase/lipase

64
Q

what is trypsin an example of

A

endopeptidase

65
Q

how is trypsin made

A

trypsinogen turned to trypsin by enterokinase

66
Q

what do exopeptidase do

A

hydrolyse peptide bonds on the end of peptides, from the free amino end or the free carboxyl end

67
Q

what does the duodenum also contain

A

sodium hydrogen carbonate (alkaline to neutralise stomach acid)

68
Q

what is the Brunner’s gland

A

where alkaline secretions released

69
Q

second part of the small intestine

A

ileum

70
Q

2 roles of the ileum

A

digestion and absorption

71
Q

what do the epithelial cells at tips of villi do

A

-produce endopeptidase and exopeptidase (dipeptides to amino acids)
- digest disaccharides into monosaccharides

72
Q

what is maltose broken down into

A

2 alpha glucose by maltase

73
Q

what is sucrose broken down into

A

glucose and fructose by sucrase

74
Q

what is lactose broken down into

A

glucose and galactose by lactase

75
Q

second role of ileum

A

absorption

76
Q

what does the ileum contain

A

villi with microscopic projections called microvilli

77
Q

what do the microvilli do

A

give an even larger surface area for absorption (by diffusion, FD and AT)

78
Q

how do amino acids go from the lumen to epithelial cells

A

AT with sodium ions, uses ATP
(CARRIER PROTEINS)

79
Q

how do aminon acids get from epithelial cells into the capillary

A

FD- channel/carrier protein. then go to the liver via the hepatic portal vein

80
Q

how is glucose transported from the lumen to epithelial cells

A

CT- with sodium ions

81
Q

how is glucose transported from the epithelium cells into capillary

A

Sodium ions active tranport
glucose FD (some AT)
they will go by FD until equilibrium, AT to get the rest of the glucose into the blood

82
Q

how are fatty acids and glycerol transported from the lumen to epithelial cells

A

Difusion, reform to become triglycerides again

83
Q

how do fatty acids and glycerol go from epithelial cells into capillary

A

go into lacteals instead and are passed to the lymphatic system

84
Q

what happens to the molecules once they are digested

A

glucose and amino acids are transported via the hepatic portal vein to the liver
fatty acids and glycerol diffuse into the epithelial cells, return to triglycerides. go to the lacteal and are carried via the lymphatic system

85
Q

what is the large intestine made up

A

caecum, appendix, colon and rectum

86
Q

what happens in the large intestine

A

-undigested food, mucus, bacteria and dead cells pass into the cell
- does not have villi, not as many as the ileum
- where water and mineral absorption happens
vitamin K and colic acids are secreted by mutualistic microbes living there

87
Q

what is folic acid important for

A

the nervous system

88
Q

dentation of a carnivore

A
  • incisors
  • canine
    -premolars
    -carnassials
    -jaw (mandible)
89
Q

properties of incisors
carnivore

A

sharp

90
Q

job of incisors
carnivores

A

tear muscle from bone

91
Q

properties of canines
carnivore

A

large, curved, pointed

92
Q

job of canines
carnivores

A

to tackle prey

93
Q

properties of premolars and molars
carnivores

A

sharp points (cusps)

94
Q

job of premolars and molars
carnivores

A

to cut and crush

95
Q

properties of carnassial
carnivores

A

specialised cheek teeth that act like scissor blades

96
Q

job of carnassial
carnivores

A

takin muscle of bones

97
Q

explain the jaw of a carnivore

A

lower jaw moves vertically and can open widely. jaw muscles are powerful. protrusions in skull for muscles to attach to bone

98
Q

dentation of herbivores

A

-incisors
- canines
-dental pad
-diastema
-premolars
-molars
-jaw

99
Q

properties of incisors
herbivores

A

bottom jaw only

100
Q

role of incisors
herbivores

A

slices through plants

101
Q

properties of canines
herbivores

A

indistinguishable from incisors

102
Q

role of canines in herbivores

A

slices through plants

103
Q

properties of dental pad
herbivore

A

leathery pad on the upper jaw

104
Q

job of dental pad
herbivores

A

where food gets pulled across for slicing

105
Q

properties of diastema
herbivores

A

gaps between front teeth and premolars where tongue and cheek operate

106
Q

properties of premolars
herbivores

A

side teeth

107
Q

role of premolars
herbivores

A

chewing plants

108
Q

properties of molar
herbivore

A

they interlock. grinding action occurs. continue to grow

109
Q

describe the jaw

A

Lowe jaw muove side to side
no strong muscles are needed

110
Q

what is a ruminant

A

a cud-chewing herbivore that has mutualistic microbes in the rumen

111
Q

what is a rumen

A

part of stomach

112
Q

what does bacteria get out of the mutualistic relationship

A

food and a place to live

113
Q

what does their diet mainly consist of

A

grass (cellulose)

114
Q

what do animals rely on to break down cellulose

A

rely on mutualistic microbes living in their gut to secrete enzymes e.g fungi, bacteria and protocista which live in a chamber called the rumen

115
Q

what are the 4 stomachs of a cow

A

rumen
reticulam
omasum
abomasum

116
Q

explain the rumen
what does it contain

A

contain microbes that digest cellulose
cellulose breaks down into glucose

117
Q

explain the reticulum

A

fermented grass become cud and goes back to the mouth

118
Q

explain the omasum

A

from the mouth it goes to the omasum, where water is reabsorbed

119
Q

explain the abomasum

A

true stomach
protein is digested by pepsin

120
Q

what are parasites

A

-highly specialised organism that live in/other organisms (host) and so obtain nourishment at the expense of host organisms

121
Q

what do parasites gain from other organisms

A

nutrition-which is absorbed from the hosts tissues and fluids or the intestine

122
Q

2 types of parasites

A

ECTOparasites
ENDOparasites

123
Q

what are ectoparasites

A

live on the outside of the body
head louse

124
Q

what are endoparasites

A

live inside the host
e.g roundworms, tapeworms and blood flukes

125
Q

what problems do tapeworms face

A

-digestive juices
-peristalsis
-pH of gut
- host immune system
- death the host

126
Q

structural modifications to aid survival of a tapeworm

A

-suckers and a double row of curved hooks attaching to duodenum wall (for attachment)
-a thick body covering (cuticle) to protect from immune system
- production of inhibitory enzymes on the surface of the body segments (protection from digestion)
- tapeworm has flattened body to increase SA to volume ratio and is can absorptionb food (nourishment)

127
Q

reproductive strategies of the tapeworm

A

1) hermaphrodite - each body segment have male and female gametes. the gut cannot accommodate 2 tape worms (asexual reproduction
2) large number of eggs are produced
mature segments can contain up to 40,000 eggs to increase chance of survival

128
Q
A

Biology (12 decks)

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