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1.5 nucleic acid Flashcards

1
Q

what does a nucleotide consist of

A

pentose sugar
phosphate
organic/nitrogenous base

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2
Q

what does ATP consist of

A

3 phosphate groups
pentose sugar
adenine

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3
Q

what are bonds between the phosphate group formed by

A

condensation reaction

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4
Q

what breaks the bond in ATP when it becomes ADP

A

ATPase hydrolyses the bond between the second and third phosphate

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5
Q

what type of reaction happens when ATP changes to ADP

A

exergonic reaction reaction.

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6
Q

how much energy is released when ATP goes to ADP

A

30.6 KJ is released

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7
Q

what is the addition of a phosphate to ADP called

A

phosphorylation

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8
Q

what is ATP called of the cell

A

universal energy currency

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9
Q

where is ATP used

A

in all organisms
all cells
used in all metabolic reactions

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10
Q

why is ATP efficient

A

-transfers energy from glucose to where it’s needed
- it releases energy in small amounts so there’s less waste
- only one enzyme is needed (ATPase) so less likely to go wrong
-ATP provides a common source of energy for many reactions increasing efficiency

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11
Q

why is DNA a nucleic acid

A

because it is more than 1 nucleotide joined together and it is made of pentose sugar, phosphate and an organic base

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12
Q

what is DNA

A

the genetic information coded in a sequence of bases

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13
Q

structure of DNA

A

is a double stranded polymer of nucleotides/polynucleotides
double helix held together by hydrogen bonds

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14
Q

what forms the backbone of the polynucleotide

A

alternating phosphate groups and pentose sugars

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15
Q

what is the pentose sugar in DNA

A

deoxyribose

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16
Q

4 bases?

A

adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine

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17
Q

how do purines and pyrmidines bond

A

by hydrogen bonds

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18
Q

complementary base pairing

A

A-T
G-C

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19
Q

how do the two chains in DNA join together

A

the complementary base pairing link the two chains together

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20
Q

how many H bonds do the bases have

A

C-G have 3
A-T have 2

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21
Q

what are the polynucleotide chains

A

anti-parallel

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22
Q

what does the sequence of bases form

A

the genetic code

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23
Q

where is DNA found

A

in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells

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24
Q

function of DNA

A

replication and protein synthesis

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25
DNA vs RNA
-double vs single polynucleotides - DNA is larger - T in DNA, U in RNA - DNA is more stable than RNA (2 strands) - DNA has deoxyribose, RNA has ribose
26
what pentose sugar does RNA contain
ribose
27
bases in RNA?
A,U,G,C
28
types of RNA
tRNA (transfer) mRNA (messenger) rRNA (ribosomal)
29
description/function of mRNA
synthesised in the nucleus and carries the genetic code from the DNA to the ribosomes
30
description/function of rRNA
found in the cytoplasm translation happens here
31
description/function of tRNA
****small single stranded molecule with folds containing base sequences the 3' end has the sequence ACC carries an anti-codon and transfers amino acids to the ribosomes
32
what does each strand of mRNA contain
the genetic code for one gene and each gene codes for a specific polypeptide
33
what are the two groups of bases
purines, pyrmidines
34
what are purines
larger (2 rings) Adenine, Guanine
35
what are pyrimidines
smaller (1) cytosine, thymine, Uracil
36
how many phosphates do DNA, RNA and ATP have
ATP- 3 DNA/RNA- depends on the length of the strand, alternating sugar phosphate
37
bonds in DNA
phosphodiester
38
three theories of DNA replication
semi-conservative conservative dispersive
39
what is the semi-conservative replication
1 new strand 1 original
40
conservative?
2 strands the same as original DNA
41
dispersive?
new and original strands mixed
42
which theory is accepted
semi-conservative
43
explain semi conservative replication
2 new molecules of DNA produced from one molecule each new molecule consists of one old strand of DNA and one new strand
44
what is DNA helicase
unwinds and separates the two DNA strands (before replication can occur)
45
what is DNA polymerase
catalyses the formation of phosphodiester bonds between the free nucleotides and the template strand
46
explain the process of semi-conservative repliacation
DNA helicase is used to separate the DNA into 2 strands. these become the templates. DNA polymerase helps the free nucleotides to join onto the strand in the correct place. there is then 2 DNA molecules
47
when is DNA transcribed to codons
when mRNA is made
48
what is a triplet code
3 bases that code for one amino acid
49
what is a codon
a triplet of bases in mRNA
50
what are the characteristics of the genetic code
unambiguous degenerate contain a stop codon universal code doesn't overlap
51
what does unambiguous mean?
3 bases code for one amino acid
52
what does degenerate mean?
more than one triplet can code for an amino acids because there are 64 possible codes but only 20 amino acids
53
what do the stop codons do
acts as a full stop at the end of the sequence
54
what does universal mean
the code is the same in all organisms
55
what does it mean that the code doesn't overlap
each base is only in one triplet
56
explain transcription
DNA helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between the bases in the helix. DNA unwnds exposing the unpaired bases on the template strand. RNA polymerase links to the template strand of DNA insdrting mRNA nucleotides one a a time (complementary base pairing) and they form bonds with eachother. until a stop codon is reached, the RNA polymerase leaves DNA
57
whats cistron
the specific region that is copied
58
what's an intron
non-coding nucleotide sequence in DNA
59
exon?
nucleotide sequence coding for amino acids
60
what is it called when RNA is made from DNA
it is a longer molecule called pre mRNA
61
what happens to the pre mRNA
it is modified to remove the introns before it leaves the nucleus (splicing)
62
what is mRNA leaving the nucleus made up of
exons only
63
what is the one gene-one polypeptide hypothesis
the theory that each gene is responsible for the synthesis of a single polypeptide
64
what is translation
process that converts the coded information of mRNA into the correct sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide
65
what are the 3 stages in translation
initiation elongation termination
66
what happens in stage 1 (initiation)
mRNA arrives at the ribosomes and they will attach to a start codon at one end of the mRNA. the tRNA will attach to the ribosome. it will have an anticodon complementary with the first codon on the mRNA codon and anticodon will join with the hydrogen bonds. this will be repeated for a second tRNA anticodon
67
what happens in stage 2 (elongation)
the 2 amino acids form a peptide bond between them then the first tRNA leaves the ribosome. return to the cytpolasm to bind to another copy of it's specific amino acid ribosomes move one codon along the mRNA strand the next tRNA binds
68
what happens in stage 3 (termination)
repeats util a stop codon is reached the ribosome mRNA separates protein is ready to be transported where its needed

Biology (12 decks)

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