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Biology > 2.1 classification and biodiversity > Flashcards

2.1 classification and biodiversity Flashcards

1
Q

definition of biodiversity

A

the number of species and the number of individuals of the species in an environment

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2
Q

what does species richness refer to

A

the number of species

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3
Q

what does species evenness refer to

A

number of organisms within each species

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4
Q

what different ways can we get biodiversity

A

genetic diversity (variety of genes, by individuals of one species)
ecosystem diversity (range of habitats)

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5
Q

what 2 ways does biodiversity vary

A

spatially (different places)
overtime

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6
Q

what does biodiversity depend on

A

genetic factors
the environment
human activity

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7
Q

factors affecting biodiversity
succession

A

changes to the environment makes it more suitable for other species. increases animal biodiversity but decreases plant biodiversity. (wont be species evenness)

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8
Q

factors affecting biodiversity
natural selection

A

species that aren’t suited to the environment. these won’t be selected. natural selection can generate and change biodiversity

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9
Q

factors affecting biodiversity
human influence

A

human activity has made the environment less hospitable to living organisms. has decreased biodiversity and in many cases led to extinction.

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10
Q

how can we measure biodiversity

A

simpson’s Diversity index

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11
Q

what will the result of simpson’s diversity index be

A

between 1 and 0

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12
Q

what does measuring biodiversity do

A

takes into account the number of species present as well as the relative abundance of each species

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13
Q

what is polymorphism

A

the word used to describe the presence of several different forms or types of individuals among the members of a single species

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14
Q

what different levels can biodiversity be assessed at

A

population level
genetic level
molecular level

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15
Q

what is population level in terms of biodiversity

A

counting number of individuals and the number of species

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16
Q

genetic level
biodiversity

A

examining genes

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17
Q

molecular level
biodiversity

A

examining DNA and proteins

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18
Q

what is genetic diversity

A

when there is a variety of alleles in a population

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19
Q

why is genetic diversity important

A

to make evolution possible

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20
Q

how can we measure genetic diversity

A

by looking at allele frequency
variety of alleles in a gene pool

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21
Q

different conservation methods

A

CITES
SSSI
government agencies other organisation
captive breeding programmes
seed banks
government legislation

22
Q

importance of biodiversity for humans

A

-source of food
-essential materials:cotton, rubber and wood
-useful chemicals (medicine)
disease resistant genes (splicing)

23
Q

meaning of phylogenetic

A

evolutionary relatedness

24
Q

taxa ?

A

levels of classification

25
largest taxonomic group
Domain
26
order of classification
domain kingdom phylum class order family genus species
27
need for a phylogenetic classification system
- allows us to infer evolutionary relationships, - if a new animal is discovered with a beak and feathers, we predict some of its other characteristics based on our understanding of birds - easier when we communicate -
28
3 domains
eubacteria archaea eukaryota
29
description of eubacteria
familiar bacteria such as E. coli and salmonella (prokaryotes)
30
description of archaea
are bacteria, often have unusual metabolism, some generate methane. they live in marginal habitats and are also prokaryotes
31
description of eukaryota
domain includes plantae, Animalia, fungi and protoctista, eukaryotic organisms
32
what are the 5 kingdoms based off
largely on morphological similarities between organisms not on DNA analysis
33
5 kingdoms
prokaryote plantae Animalia fungi protoctista
34
characteristic features of prokaryote
composed of prokaryotic cells, lack of a nuclear envelope and membrane-bound organelles
35
characteristic features of plantae
multicellular eukaryotes, photosynthetic, cellulose cell wall
36
characteristic features of Animalia
nervous coordination, multicellular eukaryotes, no cell wall, heterotrophic
37
characteristic features of fungi
heterotrophic eukaryotes, cell walls of chitin, reproduced by spores
38
characteristic features of protoctista
mainly single cell eukaryotes, no tissue differentiation
39
homologous structures
structures in different species with a similar anatomical position and developmental origin, derived from a common ancestor (might have different functions)
40
what do biologist look for homologous structures for
to assess how closely related 2 organisms are. they can suggest how different organisms are related and the pattern of their evolution
41
what is convergent evolution
development of similar features in unrelated organisms over a long period of time
42
example of divergent evolution
pentadactyl limb
43
what is divergent evolution
the development of different structures over long periods of time, from the equivalent structures in related organisms
44
genetic evidence for relatedness 4 ways
DNA base sequence DNA hybridisation amino acid sequence immunology
45
explain DNA base sequence
more closely related species show more similarity in their DNA base sequence than those more distantly related. DNA analysis has confirmed evolutionary relationships and corrected mistakes made in classification based on physical characteristics
46
explain DNA hybridisation
involves comparing the DNA base sequence of two species. to work out how closely related 2 species are, DNA from both is extracted separated and cut into fragments, the fragments from the 2 species are then mixed and where they have complimentary base sequences, they hybridise together. shown chimpanzees and humans have at least 95% of their DNA in common.
47
explain amino acid sequence
sequence of amino acids in protein is determined by the base sequence. degree of similarity in the amino acid sequence of the same protein in 2 species will reflect how closely related they are
48
explain immunology
way of comparing proteins of different species. if you mix the antigens of one species such as the blood protein album, with specific antibodies of another, the antigens and antibodies form a precipitate. closer the evolutionary relationship, the more they'll react and the more precipitate will be made.
49
definition of species
organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring
50
what is artificial classification
according to differences useful at the time colour, size, number of legs etc,, analogous characteristics)
51
natural classification
based on evolutionary relationships grouped using shared ancestral features (homologous characteristics)

Biology (12 decks)

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