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Biology > 1.2 cells > Flashcards

1.2 cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a cell?

A

-basic unit of life
-small membrane bound structure containing several small structures called organelles.

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2
Q

what’s a eukaryotic cell?

A

any cell that has a nucleus
many membranous structures inside their cells. (organelles)

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3
Q

what cells don’t have a nucleus?

A

red blood cells/ phloem sieve tube cells

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4
Q

what is a nucleus?

A

largest organelle found inside animal cells and the second largest found in plant cells (after the vacuole)

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5
Q

function of nucleus

A

-contains DNA
-controls the activities of the cell

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6
Q

what are the 2 membranes that bound nucleus

A

nuclear envelope
nucleoplasms

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7
Q

nuclear envelope…..
why do they have pores/
outer membrance

A
  • with pores to allow transport of mRNA and nucleotide
  • outer membrane is continuous with E.R
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8
Q

function of the nuclear envelope

A

separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm

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9
Q

what does the nucleoplasm contain?

A

contains chromatin

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10
Q

what is chromatin

A

coils of DNA, bound to protein

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11
Q

function of chromatin

A

condenses into chromosomes during cell division

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12
Q

what does nucleolus do?

A

produces rRNA, tRNA and ribosomes
always stains darker

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13
Q

where is mitochondria found?

A

found in both animal and plant cell

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14
Q

function of mitochondria

A

site of ATP production during aerobic respiration

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15
Q

how is the golgi body formed?

A

formed from rough ER being pinched off at the end to form small vesicles. some join together to form the Golgi body

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16
Q

what do the vesicles that are pinched off the other end of the golgi body do

A

these secrete their contents via exocytosis when they fuse with the cell membrane

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17
Q

function of the golgi body?
what does it produce

A

-modifies/packages proteins to leave from the cell
-produces lysosomes (DE) and glycoproteins
-produced enzymes,
-transports and stores lipids

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18
Q

when are lysosomes produced?

A

produced when portions of the Golgi body pinch off

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19
Q

function of lysosomes
what do phagocytes use lysosomes for

A

-destroy worn out organelles in the cell
-digest material that has been taken into the cell

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20
Q

what are these digestive enzymes used for?

A

to destroy worn out organelles and to destroy foreign material

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21
Q

where are centrioles found?
what cells

A

found in animal cells and most protocists

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22
Q

describe the vacuole in an animal cell

A

small, temporary vesicles and may occur in large numbers

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23
Q

describe the vacuole in a plant cell

A

large and permanent fluid-filled sac bounded by a single membrane

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24
Q

what does a vacuole contain?
what is it surrounded by?

A

-sell sap
- surrounded by the tonoplast membrane

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25
Q

what does cellulose cell wall consist of?
is it permeable or non permeable?

A

cellulose microfibrils embedded in a polysaccharide matrix.
it is permeable

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26
Q

function of cellulose cell wall?

A

-provides strength/support
- transport of solutes
-cell to cell communication via the plasmodesmata

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27
Q

structure of a ribosome?
(made of?
found where)

A

1 large/1 small sub unit
made of ribosomal RNA and protein
found free or attached to the roughER

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28
Q

function of ribosome?

A

protein synthesis

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29
Q

What are ribosomes in eukaryotes?

A

80s

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30
Q

what does nuclear pores allow?

A

allow the transport of mRNA and ribosomes out of the nucleus.

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31
Q

structure of the endoplasmic recticulum?

A

2 types, rough ER: (covered with ribosomes and linked to the nuclear membrane )
smooth ER (no ribosomes)
both flattened into sacks cisternae

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32
Q

what is cisternae?

A

fluid-filled spaces between the membranes

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33
Q

function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • transports proteins made by the ribosomes
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34
Q

function of the smooth ER

A

synthesise/transports lipids

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35
Q

what is the cell theory?

A

states that new cells are formed from other existing cells (mitosis) and that the cell is a fundamental in all living organisms

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36
Q

explain viruses……

A

-extremely small
- non cell (no cytoplasm/no chromosomes/no organelles)
- exist as an inert ‘viron’ when outside a cell

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37
Q

how do viruses work when in the body?

A

take over a cell’s metabolism & multiply within the host cell

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38
Q

what are viruses that attack bacteria ?

A

bacteriophagus

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39
Q

what does each virus particle have?

A

a core of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat called the capsid

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40
Q

what are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

A

-skeletal
-smooth
-cardiac

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41
Q

properties of skeletal muscle….

A

attached to the skeleton, capable of contracting and relaxing, voluntary control.

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42
Q

properties of cardiac muscle….

A

walls of the heart, appear striated (striped) and are under involuntary control

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43
Q

properties of smooth muscle …

A

l organs, except the heart,
spindle-shaped,
under involuntary control

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44
Q

properties of epithelial tissue
types of epithelial tissues

A
  • nerve endings/ no blood vessels
    -simple squarmous/simple cuboidal/ simple columnar ciliated
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45
Q

explain simple squarmous….

A
  • single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped central nuclei and sparse cytoplasm
    -basement membrane
46
Q

function of the simple squarmous…

A

allows passages of materials where protection isn’t important

47
Q

location (squarmous)

A

line the Bowman’s capsule of the kidney

48
Q

function of simple cuboidal

A

secretion and absorption

49
Q

location of simple cuboidal

A

found in the kidney nephron and ducts of the secretory glands

50
Q

simple cuboidal…..

A

single layer of cubelike cells with large, spherical central nuclei (on a basement membrane)

51
Q

simple colimnar…….

A

-single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei
-cells have cillia if lining a tube which substrates move through
-known as ciliated columnar epithelial cells

52
Q

location of simple colimnar

A

found lining the (cilia move mucus)
and the ovaries (cilia move the egg)

53
Q

what is adipose tissue

A

fatty acid

54
Q

properties of connective tissue
consists of…
in a …

A

consists of cells, elastic and collagen fibres in an extracellular matrix

55
Q

function of connective tissues

A

tendons hold bone to bone
binds/supports tissues

56
Q

what does adipose tissue equal

A

fatty acids

57
Q

definition of an organ

A

a group of several different tissues working together to carry out a particular function for the whole organism

58
Q

example of an organ

A

heart

59
Q

definition of organ system

A

a group of organs working together with a particular role

60
Q

example of organ system

A

digestive system

61
Q

explain the structure of chloroplasts

A

double membrane
thylakoids, stroma and granum

62
Q

what is stroma

A

the fluid found between the double membrane with ribosomrs/ lipids/ circular DNA and possible starch

63
Q

what is thylakoids?

A

where photosynthesis takes place
often form coin-like stacks (grana) linked by lamelle

64
Q

what is granum?

A

stack of thylakoids

65
Q

why are thy thylakoids in stacks?

A

they mean bigger surface are for trapping light energy

66
Q

function of chloroplast

A

contain photosynthesis pigments which trap light for photosynthesis

67
Q

structure of plasmodesmata

A

microscopic channels whcih cross the cell walls of plant cells

68
Q

explain the function of plasmodesmata

A

allows transport of materials and water

69
Q

how do you get from mm to microns

A

x100

70
Q

micros to mm

A

divide by 100

71
Q

how do you work out the magnification of an image

A

image size/actual size

72
Q

work out actual size

A

image size/magnification

73
Q

similarities of mitochondria and chloroplasts

A

-double membrane
- 70s ribosomes for protein synthesis
- circular DNA
- highly folded inner membranes
- Fluid-filled
- both produce ATP

74
Q

differences between mitochondria and chloroplasts

A

mitochondria- aerobic respiration, inner matrix, cristae
chloroplasts- photosynthesis, stroma, thylakoid membranes, thylakoids with chlorophyll to absorb light energy

75
Q

what is cristae?

A

folds of inner membrane

76
Q

what is a prokaryote cell

A

an organism that contains no membrane bound organelles
(nucleus)

77
Q

what are the 2 types of prokaryote cells

A

bacteria
archaea

78
Q

differences between prokaryote and eukaryote cells
(7 thing)

A

p- small cells, no membrane bound organelles, dna is free in the cytoplasms, no nucleus membranes or ER, smaller ribosomes, cell wall contains nurein

e- larger found in plant/animal/fungi/protoctists, membrane bound organelles, DNA on chromosomes, membrane bound nucleus, larger ribosomes, cell wall in plants made of cellulose

79
Q

structure of the nucleus

A

dna is found here
contains the nucleolus(has ribosomes and rRNA
large round organelle surrounded by a double membrane.
(nuclear envelope)
contains nucleoplasm

80
Q

what do nuclear pores do

A

allow the exchange of mayerials

81
Q

what does mRNA contain

A

makes protein

82
Q

structure of mitochondria

A

oval, double membrane (outer/inner)
inter membrane space

83
Q

explain the inner membrane of the mitochondrial

A

highly folded into cristae which increases surface area for ATP synthesis
matrix is a viscous liquid which contains enzymes (inner membrane)

84
Q

structure of the plasma membrane

A

2 layers of phospholipids embedded with proteins

85
Q

function of the plasma membrane

A

regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell

86
Q

structure of the golgi body

A

flattened sacks (cisternae) with smaller vesicles around it. they punch off the end of the golgi body&can fuse with the plasma membrane

87
Q

structure of lysosome
when does it form?

A

a sac containing digestive enzymes which can digest materials taken in by phagocytosis
form when small portions of the golgi body pinch off

88
Q

why do the enzymes have to be kept away from the rest of the cell

A

they would destroy it

89
Q

where are centrioles located

A

located outside the nucleus in the centrosome

90
Q

function of the centrioles

A

makes the spindle fibres

91
Q

structure of the cytoskeleton

A

fibrous network formed from/by different proteins of long chains of amino acids

92
Q

function of cytoskeleton

A

major role in the movement of the cell and some cell organelles in the cytoplasm

93
Q

where do plant cells gain their energy from

A

sunlight, cells in their leaves contain many chloroplasts

94
Q

why are thylakoids green?

A

contain chlorophyll in the thylakoid membrane

95
Q

structure of the cell wall

A

rigid layer that surrounds the cell membrane, made of cellulose (B glucose)

96
Q

what are the pores in the cell wall called

A

plasmodesmata

97
Q

function of the cell wall

A

provides support by keeping it rigid
stops the cell bursting
fully permeable, enabling water and other substances to pass through it

98
Q

what does the plasmodesmata allow

A

the cytoplasm of neighbouring cells to connect

99
Q

structure of the vacuole

A

large sac in the cytoplasm surrounded by a single membrane
consists cell dap

100
Q

what’s the membrane around the vacuole

A

tonoplast

101
Q

function of the vacuole

A

maintaining the cell in a turgid state which provides support to the plant

102
Q

prokaryote structures are….

A

smaller less complicated

103
Q

cell wall in prokaryote

A

made of peptidoglycon
not cellulose

104
Q

plasma membrane in prokaryote

A

cell membrane that has an unfolding called the mesosome
not mitochondria, site of respiration in prokaryotes

105
Q

ribosomes in prokaryotes

A

70s

106
Q

DNA in prokaryote

A

no nucleus
DNA floats free in the cytoplasm, contain loops of DNA (plasmids)

107
Q

Flagella in the prokaryote

A

aid with movement

108
Q

function
capsule in prokaryote

A

stop the cell drying out or preventing phagocytosis by white blood cells

109
Q

structure of the nucleus

A

large, round organelle with a double membrane
contains the nucleolus, which produces ribosomes and rRNA.
contains nucleoplasm ( DNA in the form of chromatin)
nuclear envelope contain nuclear pores

110
Q

structure of the mitochondria

A

oval and have a double membrane
outer/ inter membrane space/ inner membrane (folded into cristae)

111
Q

structure of the Golgi apparatus

A

a stack of flattened membrane bound sacks known as cisternae with smaller vesicles around it

Biology (12 decks)

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