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PATH3309 > 24 - Brain Cancer > Flashcards

24 - Brain Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Cerebrum

A
  • Cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, olfactory bulb
  • Thinking, learning, emotion, speech
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2
Q

Cerebellum

A

Movement, balance, posture

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3
Q

Diencephalon

A
  • Thalamus, hypothalamus
  • endocrine system, sensory input, sleep
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4
Q

Brain Stem

A
  • Pons, substantia nigra, medulla oblongata
  • Connects brain to spinal cord
  • Breathing, heart rate
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5
Q

Frontal lobe

A
  • Movement
  • Memory
  • Decision making
  • Planning
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6
Q

Temporal lobe

A
  • Language
  • Hearing
  • Emotions
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7
Q

Parietal lobe

A
  • Sensations
  • Reading
  • Writing
  • Calculations
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8
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Vision

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9
Q

Are primary or metastatic tumours more common in brain

A

Metastatic

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10
Q

Malignant brain tumours

A

Very rarely spread to other areas of the body, but can spread throughout the brain or spine

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11
Q

How are brain cancers classified

A
  • The cells from which they arise
  • Molecular features
  • Grade
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12
Q

Locations brain tumours arise

A
  • Brain
  • Pineal and pituitary glands
  • Cranial nerves
  • Meninges
  • Spinal cord
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13
Q

Types of cells in the mammalian brain

A
  • Neurons
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Microglia
  • Astrocytes
  • Ependymal cells
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14
Q

How many tumour classifications have been defined by the WHO

A

Over 120 CNS tumours

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15
Q

Example of histologic types of brain tumours

A
  • Astrocytoma
  • Glioblastoma
  • Ependymoma
  • Meningioma
  • Medulloblastoma
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16
Q

Brain tumour locations

A
  • Supratentorial
  • Infratentorial
  • Spinal
  • Intra-axial
  • Extra-axial (e.g. in CSF, meninges)
17
Q

Most common cancers
among children aged 0–14 years

A
  • Brain and other CNS tumors
  • Most are are not malignant in adults, but are in children
18
Q

Grade I

A
  • Slow growing
  • Histologically almost normal
19
Q

Grade II

A
  • Relatively slow growing cells
  • Slightly abnormal histology
20
Q

Grade III

A
  • Actively reproducing abnormal cells
  • Abnormal appearance
  • Infiltration into adjacent tissue
21
Q

Grade IV

A
  • Abnormal cells producing rapidly
  • Very abnormal microscopic appearance
  • Angiogenesis
22
Q

DNA methylation

A
  • Addition of a methyl group to cytosine at CpG islands (regions of the genome with high frequency of CG sites)
  • Inhibits transcription by preventing access to promoters
23
Q

Bisulfite conversion of genomic DNA

A
  • Converts C to U
  • Methylation protects C from conversion
24
Q

Illumina DNA methylation arrays

A
  • C not methylated and converted to T, Complementary base is “red”
  • C was methylated and not converted, Complementary base is “green
25
Q

Gliomas

A
  • Most common primary brain tumour
  • Originate from glial cells
  • Include ependymomas, astrocytomas
26
Q

Which tumours account for 25-30% of childhood brain tumours

A

Low grade gliomas

27
Q

Glioblastoma (WHO Grade IV)

A
  • Symptoms are usually non specific (headaches, personality changes, nausea, similar to a stroke)
  • No known causes
  • Surgery chemo, focal radiation
  • Survival 14 months with treatment
28
Q

Risk factors of glioblastoma

A
  • Genetic disorders
  • Previous radiation therapy or exposure to ionising radiation
29
Q

Glioblastoma IDH1 status

A
  • Prognostic marker
  • Mutation associated with increased overall survival
30
Q

IDH1

A
  • Isocitrate dehydrogenase
  • Normally produces a-ketoglutarate
31
Q

Mutant IDH1

A
  • Gain-of-function
  • Produces D-2- hydroxyglutarate (2HG)
  • 2HG accumulates up to mM concentrations & results in changes to the
    epigenetic landscape of the tumour
32
Q

Ependymoma

A
  • Affects all ages
  • Arise from ependymal cells that form the lining of the ventricles
  • Never grade IV
  • Arise in Supratentorial, posterior fossa, spinal cord
  • 10 molecular subgroups
33
Q

Medulloblastoma

A
  • Most common malignant brain tumour of childhood
  • Arise in cerebellum
  • Incidence decreases with age (Cerebellum growing when young)
  • More common in boys than girls
  • 4 molecular subtypes
34
Q

Medulloblastoma risk factors

A
  • Gorlin syndrome (PTCH)
  • Li-Fraumeni syndrome (TP53)
  • Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (APC)
35
Q

Recurrent genetic mutations in medulloblastoma

A
  • WNT (b-catenin activation)
  • SHH (Gli2 amplification)
  • Group 3 (MYC amplification)
  • Group 4 (KDM6A mutation)
36
Q

Medulloblastoma Treatment

A
  • Surgery
  • Multiagent chemotherapy
  • Cranio-spinal radiation therapy
37
Q

% of all tumours that brain tumours make up

A

10%

PATH3309 (26 decks)

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