15 - Immunotherapy Flashcards
1
Q
Types of cancer immunotherapy
A
- Monoclonal antibodies (e.g. CTLA4)
- Immune modulators
- Vaccination
- Adoptive cell therapy (CAR T cells, TILs)
2
Q
Adoptive cell therapy
A
- Transfer of immune cells with anti-tumour reactivity into the tumour bearing host
- Maintenance IL-2 not required but will enhance efficiency
- Requires pre conditioning (chemo)
3
Q
Why does TIL therapy fail
A
- Antigen loss
- Failure of adoptively transferred T cells to persist
4
Q
Cons of TIL therapy
A
- Limited to patients that can tolerate pre-treatment conditioning
- Relapse is common.
- Expensive & Laborious.
- Not all tumours have TILs
5
Q
CAR
A
- Chimeric Antigen Receptor
- Chimeric: Antibody (B cell) variable region fused to TCR intracellular signalling domain
6
Q
CAR T cell therapy process
A
- Leukapheresis
- T cell activation
- Modified T cell expansion
- Chemo
- Modified T cell infusion
7
Q
TIL therapy pros
A
- Eradicate tumours
- Personalised therapy
- Potential for genetically modified T cells
8
Q
CAR T cells pros
A
- Effective in haematological cancers
- Blood PBMCs
- Bypasses peptide MHC-1 recognition
9
Q
CAR T cells cons
A
- Not effective in solid tumours
- Only cancers with ubiquitously expressed antigens can be targeted
- Expensive and laborious
10
Q
Future of ACT
A
- ‘Suicide switches’ to prevent toxicity
- CRISPR/CAS9 to engineer personalised anti-tumour T cells
11
Q
Cancer vaccination pros
A
- Ease of administration
- Preventative
- Low cost
12
Q
Cancer vaccination cons
A
- Selection of appropriate adjuvant
- Selection of antigenic targets
13
Q
CTLA4
A
Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4 binding to CD80/86 to prevent T cell activation
14
Q
Programmed cell Death protein 1 (PD1)
A
Upregulated on T cells upon activation, act as negative regulator of T cells upon binding to PD-L1
15
Q
PD1 ligand (PD-L1)
A
- Expressed on inflamed tissues to prevent autoimmune damage
- Exploited by tumours to suppress T cells
