20 - Leukaemia Flashcards
1
Q
Leukaemia
A
- Cancer of WBCs
- Begins in bone marrow
- Genetic defect
- Acute and chronic
- Myeloid or lymphoid
2
Q
Acute Leukaemia
A
- Any age
- Mutation in primitive cell, continues to replicate
- Cells do not mature
- Replacement of marrow by immature (“blast”) cells (no function)
- Reduction in normal cells
- Can be cured with chemo or transplant
3
Q
Two main types of leukaemia
A
- Lymphoid (ALL) B or T
- Myeloid (AML)
4
Q
Clinical Features of AL
A
- Anaemia
- Leucopenia
- Thrombocytopenia
- Bone pain
5
Q
ALL lymphoblasts
A
- Small
- Basophilic cytoplasm
- Fine homogeneous nuclear pattern
- Occasional vacuoles
- Inconspicuous nucleoli
6
Q
Genetic abnormalities of AML
A
- Chromosomal changes and point mutations
- t(8;21), t(15;17), inv(16); mutations NPM1
- Monosomy (poor prognosis)
7
Q
AML myeloblasts
A
- Variable size
- Nucleus may be indented
- Granular chromatin
- Several nucleolus
- Auer rods
8
Q
Acute Promyelocytic Leukaemia
A
- A distinct type of AML
- Serious bleeding, clotting
- t(15;17)
- Abnormal promyelocytes, auer rods
- Good prognosis
9
Q
Good prognosis of AML
A
NPM1
10
Q
Poor prognosis of AML
A
FLT3
11
Q
Acute leukaemia management
A
- Cytotoxic therapy
- Targeted therapy (antibodies)
- Transfusion
- Transplantation
12
Q
Chronic leukaemia
A
- Malignant proliferation of mature myeloid
or lymphoid cells - Adults
- Mutation in primitive cell, low replication rate
- Cells mature
13
Q
Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia
A
- Male predominance
- May be asymptomatic
- Massive splenic enlargement and liver
- Neutrophilia, Eosinophilia, Basophilia
- Philadelphia chromosome, t(9,22)
- BCR/ABL
14
Q
CML treatment
A
- TKI (imatinib)
- Allosteric inhibitor
15
Q
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia
A
- Neoplastic proliferation of mature B lymphoid cells
- Elderly
- Enlarged lymph nodes, spleen, liver
