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Forensic Psychology > 2.3.2 Theories of Crime- Behavioural > Flashcards

2.3.2 Theories of Crime- Behavioural Flashcards

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1
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Classical conditioning in dogs.

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2
Q

Classical conditioning in dogs

A

Ivan Pavlov

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3
Q

John Watson

A

Classical Conditioning in Humans (Little Albert)

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4
Q

Classical Conditioning in Humans (Little Albert)

A

John Watson

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5
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

when a CS is associated with an UCS it will elicit a CR which is similar to but weaker than the UCR.

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6
Q

UCS

A

an event which automatically triggers a physiological response.

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7
Q

UCR

A

A natural, unlearned, physiological response to a trigger.

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8
Q

CS

A

a previously neutral event which, after association with the UCS triggers a physiological response.

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9
Q

CR

A

the physiological response to the CS, it is weaker than the UCR.

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10
Q

BF Skinner (learning type and animal?)

A

Operant conditioning of rats

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11
Q

Operant conditioning of rats

A

BF Skinner

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12
Q

BF Skinner did what?

A

Extended the work of Watson to complex behaviours and a non-reliance on association with an UCR.

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13
Q

What are the 5 steps of Operant Conditioning?

A
  1. Specifically Identify Goal
  2. General reinforcement type
  3. Specific reinforcement type
  4. Most effective stimulus for individual
  5. Schedual of Reinforcement
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14
Q

What are the General reinforcement types? (OC)

A

Primary reinforcer of secondary reinforcer.

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15
Q

A Primary reinforcer is

A

naturally reinforcing to an individual- air, water, food, shelter, sex.

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16
Q

A secondary reinforcer is

A

only reinforcing to an individual through association with a primary reinforcer- money. More socially acceptable.

17
Q

2 specific reinforcement types

A

Punishment, positive reinforcement.

18
Q

Punishment

A

an unpleasant stimulus which, when applied after a response, decreases the likelihood of recurrence.

19
Q

Positive reinforcer

A

a pleasant stimulus which, when applied after a response increases the likelihood of recurrence.

20
Q

What are the 2 catagories of reinforcement scheduals?

A

Continuous reinforcement and partial reinforcement.

21
Q

Continuous reinforcement is when

A

reinforcement is administered following each and every correct response.

22
Q

Partial reinforcement is when

A

reinforcement is provided on an inverval (time) or ratio (number) schedual.

23
Q

Fixed interval

A

reinforcement is administered after a specific amount of time has elapsed following a correct response.

24
Q

Variable Interval

A

reinforcement is administered after a variable amount of time has elapsed following the correct response.

25
Q

Fixed Ratio

A

reinforcement is administered after a specific number of correct responses have occurred. (RAT)

26
Q

Variable Ratio

A

reinforcement is administered after a varying number of correct responses have occured.

27
Q

Behaviourists define the basis of personality as

A

one’s behaviours which are formed through associations with reinforcement or punishment.

28
Q

Behaviourist: Cause of criminal behaviour

A

due to the strength of an association ebtween criminal action and reinforcement or punishment.

29
Q

Behaviourist: alterring the criminal personality

A

can be accomplished through application of the operant conditioning model.

30
Q

Social learning theory (kids with punching bags)

A

Albert Bandura

31
Q

Albert Bandura

A

Social learning theory (kids with punching bags)

32
Q

What did Bandura do?

A

Extended the work of Skinner by arguing that humans have higher cognitive capacity than other animals, so many “learn” through modelling and the use of non-direct reinforcers (threats and punishments)

33
Q

Modelling suggests that

A

the concept of operant conditioning can be applied in humans through “seeing” others who recieve direct reinforcement (punishment or reward)

34
Q

What did Bandura suggest about threats and punishments?

A

because humans have language, we can understand the connection between words and potential direct reinforcement (punishment or reward)

35
Q

5 steps for effective threats and promises.

A
  1. Limited use
  2. Specificity
  3. Realism
  4. History/ Reputation
  5. Reciprocal impact (cost the person saying it)

Forensic Psychology (7 decks)

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