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Biology > 2.3 Structure and function of plant parts > Flashcards

2.3 Structure and function of plant parts Flashcards

1
Q

The external structure of a typical angiosperm has two major systems:

A

Shoot and root system

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2
Q

_ is the plant part usually found above the ground and includes the organs such as stem, branches, leaves, buds, flowers and fruits.

A

The shoot system

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3
Q

T/F
Leaves and branches may be missing from an angiosperm depending on the reproductive stage of the plant.

A

False, it’s flowers and fruits

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4
Q

_ is the part of the plant that usually grows downward into the ground.

A

The root system

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5
Q

_ includes the primary or tap root, lateral or branch roots, root hairs and root cap.

A

The root system

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6
Q

_ are distinguished from
an underground stem in that, it does not bear either leaves or buds.

A

Roots

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7
Q

The external structure of a typical leaf consists of the _, _, _, _, _, _ and _.

A

petiole (leaf stalk), lamina (blade – broadest part), veins, midrib, margin, base and tips (apex)

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8
Q

The _ is the broadest part, which is flat, wide and commonly thin.

A

lamina

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9
Q

_ provides large surface area, which enables leaf to collect light.

A

Lamina

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10
Q

The _ thinness creates short distance for gas exchange through the _.

A

lamina, stomata

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11
Q

The _ is harder than the lamina and contains the vein (transporting vessels) of the leaf as well as supportive tissues with hard cell wall.

A

midrib

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12
Q

With regard to root, there are basically two types of roots, namely _ and _.

A

tap-roots and fibrous roots

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13
Q

A _ consists of one large, primary vertical root.

A

tap-root

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14
Q

_ has very few lateral roots that develop and grow from this main root.

A

tap-root

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15
Q

By penetrating deep into the soil, _ provide stability (anchorage) and absorb water located deep in the ground.

A

tap roots

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16
Q

Tap root system is a feature of _ plants.

A

dicot

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17
Q

A _ is usually formed by thin, moderately branching roots growing from stems.

A

fibrous root

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18
Q

T/F
The lateral roots in fibrous roots are different in length.

A

False, they are more or less similar size and length.

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19
Q

In grasses, _ develop as consists of fine hair – like root that spread out from the base of the stem.

A

fibrous roots

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20
Q

_ is very efficient for absorbing water and minerals close to soil surface.

A

Fibrous root

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21
Q

_ creates a thick network of roots that are good at holding soil together and protect soil from erosion.

A

Fibrous root

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22
Q

Fibrous roots are features of _ plants .

A

monocot

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23
Q

There are two internal layers of a leaf, namely; _ and _.

A

Outer layer and middle (inner) layer

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24
Q

Outer layer is also known as the _, a single layer of tightly packed cells that covers the upper and lower surface of the leaf

A

epidermis

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25
Q

The _ epidermis is usually covered by a waxy cuticle, which transmits sunlight for photosynthesis but restricts water loss by evaporation from the leaf tissue.

A

upper

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26
Q

The _ epidermis usually contains bean-shaped guard cells that leave open spaces known as stomata (singular
stoma).

A

lower

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27
Q

_ are “little mouths” or “ little noses”, which regulate O2 release, CO2 intake and water loss.

A

Stomata

28
Q

In most leaves, stomata are
more abundant in the _ epidermis, reducing water loss due to direct sunlight.

A

lower

29
Q

Middle layer is known as the _ (“middle leaf”) layer

A

mesophyll

30
Q

_ lies between the upper and lower epidermis.

A

Mesophyll layer

31
Q

_ includes tissues that are directly or indirectly involved in photosynthesis.

A

Mesophyll layer

32
Q

There are two regions in the mesophyll layer:

A

The palisade and spongy layer

33
Q

The _ layer is composed of regularly arranged and closely packed columnar (vertically elongated) cells.

A

palisade

34
Q

The cells in the _ contain the largest number of chloroplasts per cell.

A

palisade layer

35
Q

As the _ is immediately beneath the upper epidermis, it is in the best position to capture most of the sunlight and this enables it to carry out most of the photosynthesis.

A

palisade layer

36
Q

The slight but precise separation of the columnar cells in the _ maximizes the diffusion of CO2 and capillary movement of H20.

A

palisade layer

37
Q

_ lies below the palisade cells.

A

The spongy layer

38
Q

_ are irregularly shaped with fewer chloroplasts.

A

Spongy cells

39
Q

_ are very loosely arranged with numerous airspaces.

A

Spongy cells

40
Q

The air spaces in the _, which are very close to the stomata allow the diffusion of O2, water vapor and CO2.

A

spongy layer

41
Q

The _ is the outermost layer of the stem.

A

epidermis

42
Q

The _ walls are greatly thickened with cuticles, which minimizes the rate of transpiration.

A

outer

43
Q

In the _, the cells are compactly arranged, which in turn protect the underlying tissues from mechanical injury and prevent the entry of harmful organisms.

A

epidermis

44
Q

_ lies below the epidermis.

A

Hypodermis

45
Q

_ is mainly composed of
collenchyma cells that are specially thickened at the corners due to the deposition of thick cellulose.

A

Hypodermis

46
Q

_ gives mechanical strength to the stem.

A

Hypodermis

47
Q

_ consists of few layers of thin-walled, large, round, or oval cells, having intercellular space and serving for storage of food.

A

Cortex

48
Q

_ is the innermost layer of the cortex that separates the cortex from the vascular bundles.

A

Endodermis

49
Q

T/F
In endodermis, the cells are widely arranged and usually contain starch grains.

A

False, they are compactly arranged

50
Q

_ serves as a food reserve and may be termed as a starch sheath.

A

Endodermis

51
Q

_ are longitudinal strands of conducting tissues or transporting vessels, consisting essentially of xylem and phloem arranged in a ring around the central pith.

A

Vascular bundles

52
Q

Each vascular bundle has a
patch of xylem towards the _ and a patch of phloem towards the _ and a strip of actively dividing young cells (cambium) in between them.

A

pith, endodermis

53
Q

_ transports water and dissolved minerals to the photosynthetic tissues, mainly to the leaf while _ transports synthesized food to different tissues, either for utilization or storage.

A

Xylem, phloem

54
Q

_ occupies the central portion of the stem, composed of thin-walled cells, which are rounded or polygonal, with or without intercellular space.

A

Pith

55
Q

_ stores food and helps in the internal translocation of water

A

Pith

56
Q

_ is the outermost layer made up of single-layer cells.

A

Peliferous layer

57
Q

In piliferous layer, the _ is absent.

A

cuticle

58
Q

_ consists the single-celled root hairs.

A

Piliferous layer

59
Q

_ is a multi-layered large zone made of thin-walled oval or rounded loosely arranged cells with intercellular spaces.

A

Cortex

60
Q

_ stores food and water.

A

Cortex

61
Q

_ is the innermost layer of the cortex, made of barrel-shaped closely packed cells.

A

Endodermis

62
Q

_ helps the movement of water
and dissolved nutrients from the cortex into the xylem

A

Endodermis

63
Q

_ is a single layer inner to endodermis.

A

Pericycle

64
Q

_ is the site of origin of lateral roots.

A

Pericycle

65
Q

_ consist of xylem and phloem with meristematic (cambium) or actively dividing cells between them

A

Vascular bundles

66
Q

_ is present in young roots while absent in old roots.

A

Pith

67
Q

Pith is present in _ roots while absent in _ roots.

A

young, old

Biology (16 decks)

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