2.3 Stretching Flashcards
What is the decreased mobility or restricted motion at a single joint or series of joints
Hypomobility
What is the overall function of a pt may be improved by applying stretching techniques to some muscles & joints while allowing motion limitations to develop in other muscles or joints
Selective Stretching
What is the lengthening of muscle and other joints soft tissues well beyond their normal length by exceeding the normal ROM of a joint
Overstretching & Hypermobility
What muucslotendionous unit has adaptively shortened with a loss of ROM but no specific muscle pathology is present
Myostatic contracture
What is it called when the result of hypertonicity associated with a central nervous system lesion, such as a cerebrovascular accident, a spinal cord injury, or traumatic brain injury
Psedumyostatic contracture
What is it called when the contracture is a result of intra-articular pathology that limits arthrokinematics motion with changes that may include adhesions, synovial proliferation, joint effusion, irregularities in articular cartilage, or osteophyte formation
Arthrogenic & periarticular contracture
What is the name of the contracture that has fibrous changes in the connective tissue of muscle & periarticular structures that limit tissue elasticity, create adhesions between joint tissues, & result in fibrotic contracture
Fibrotic & irreversible contracture
Why should an individual stretch?
- adhesions, contractures, scar tissue, limiting ROM
- weakness secondary to shortened muscle length
- part of total fitness program
- post-exercise
What are these goals for?
- increased flexibility & ROM
- general fitness
- injury prevention
- enhanced performance
Stretching
What do these factors affect?
- joint structure
- age & gender
- muscle & connective tissue
- stretch tolerance
Flexibility
What is this intervention?
Elongating shortened muscle-tendon units and/or periarticular connective tissues when a restricted joint is rotated just beyond its available ROM
Stretching (manual, mechanical, assisted)
What is this intervention?
Carried out independently by the patient at the end of available ROM for the purpose of elongating hypomobile soft tissues
Self-stretching
What is this intervention?
The use of inhibition or facilitation techniques known as proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) to assist with muscle elongation
Neuromuscular Facilitation & Inhibition
What is this intervention?
Manipulative procedures that employ voluntary muscle contractions by the patient in a precisely controlled direction and intensity against a counterforce applied by the practitioner to lengthen muscle & fascia and to mobilize joints
Muscle Energy
What is this intervention?
Skilled manual therapy interventions specifically applied to joint structures by the clinician with the intent of modulating pain and treating joint impairments that limit ROM
Joint Mobilization/Manipulation
What is this intervention?
To improve the extensibility of any soft tissues that limits mobility (friction massage, myofascial release, acupressure, trigger point therapy, & Instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization)
Soft Tissue Mobilization/Manipulation
What is this intervention?
Used to improve or restore nerve tissue mobility that may have become restricted by tissue adhesions or scar tissue following trauma or surgical procedures
Neural Tissue Mobilization
What type of stretch is this?
Soft tissues are elongated just beyond the point of tissue resistance & then held in the lengthened position with a sustained stretch force over a period of time
Static stretching
What type of stretch is this?
A high velocity and high intensity stretch characterized by fast joint movement that quickly elongated the targeted soft tissues
Ballistic Stretching
What type of stretch is this?
A low velocity, low intensity stretch often used before athletic activities or for general fitness or rehabilitation programs
Dynamic stretching
What type of stretch is this?
- involves active muscle contractions
- traditional explanation - reciprocal inhibition
- modern explanation - sensorimotor processing and visco-elastic adaptation of the muscle tendon unit
Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Feedback (PNF) Stretching
What is this non-contractile tissue called?
Fibers responsible for the strength and stiffness of tissue & resist tensile deformation with multiple levels of fiber composition arranged in an organized relationship
Collagen
What is this non-contractile tissue called?
Fibers that elongate with small loads and fail abruptly without deformation at higher loads, providing extensibility and flexibility to tissue
Elastin
What is this non-contractile tissue called?
Fibers that provide tissue with bulk
Reticulin
What is this non-contractile tissue called?
An organic gel containing water and consists of proteoglycan and glycoproteins which function to hydrate the matrix, stabilize the collagen networks, & resist compressive forces in connective tissues
Ground Substance
What is this?
- major sensory organ and is sensitive to quick and sustained stretch
- detects and conveys information about changes in muscle length and velocity changes
- small, encapsulated receptors composed of afferent sensory fiber endings, efferent motor fiber endings, and specialized muscle fibers called intrafusal fibers
Muscle Spindle
What is this?
- quick sustained stretch force applied to a muslce-tendon unit, the primary and secondary afferent of intrafusal muscle fibers sense these length changes
- afferent signals synapse with alpa motor neurons in the spinal cord to activate extrafusal muscle fibers
- results in an increase or facilitation of active tension in the muscle being stretched; this increased tension resists lengthening and is though to compromise the effectiveness of the stretching procedure
Stretch Reflex
What is this?
- sensory organ located near the musculotendinous juntions of extrafusal muscle fibers that monitors changes in tension of muscle-tendon units
- nerve endings are woven among collagen strands of a tendon and detect changes of tension on a muscle-tendon unit
- activated signals will inhibit alpha motorneuron activity and decrease tension in muscle-tendon unit
Golgi Tendon Organ (GTO)
What is this?
- inhibition of the contractile components of muscle by the GTO is thought to contribute to reflexive muscle reflective muscle relaxation during an applied stretch
- low-intensity, slow stretch force is applied to muscle, the stretch reflex is less likely to be activated as the GTO fires and inhibits tension in the muscle
Autogenic Inhibition
What is the non-contractile tissue?
Constant load applied over time results in increased tissue length until equilibrium is reached
Creep
What is this non-contratcile tissue?
Load applied with the tissue kept at a constant length that results in decreased internal tension (stress) in the tissue until equilibrium is reached
Stress-relaxation
What is this non-contractile tissue?
Repetitive loading of tissue within a short duration of time increases heat production and may cause failure at strain levels lower than what is needed for a single load
Cyclic Loading
What is this non-contractile tissue?
Greater the repetitive loads, the fewer number of cycles needed to reach failure
Connective Tissue Fatigue
