23: Renal Things 2 Flashcards
symp innervation levels for GU tract, upper ureter, and lower ureter
- GU tract: T10-L2
- upper ureters: T10-T11
- lower ureters: T12-L2
kidney chapman points
1 inch lateral + superior to ubilicus
ureters chapman points
none
bladder chapman points
umbilicus
parasymp innervation of upper ureters, lower ureters, and bladder
- upper ureters: OA, AA, Vagus
- lower ureters: S2-S4 (sacrum)
- bladder: S2-S4 (sacrum)
how is urea formed in the blood?
Amino acid breakdown -> NH3 -> liver makes urea from NH3
Creatinine
waste from muscles
azotemia vs uremia
azotemia: asx elevated BUN
uremia: symptomatic elevated BUN
symptoms of uremia
N/V, confusion, malaise, fatigue
squamous cells in UA is most likely what?
dirty catch
FeNa <1% vs >2%
<1%: tubules intact and able to concentrate urine -> pre-renal azotemia
>2%: tubules damaged -> ATN or other
what is renal US good at seeing?
hydronephrosis and atrophy (not good for stones)
gold standard for kidney imaging
non contrast CT abd/pelvis
why is contrast CT not as good for stones
less sensitivity for stones