2.3 Compare & contrast protocols for wireless networking Flashcards
2 main RF bands used by 802.11 standards?
- 2.4GHz
- 5GHz
What benefit does 2.4GHz RF band have over 5GHz?
Better signal penetration, giving it longer signal range
Signal penetration = ability of a signal to pass through obstacles like walls, floors, or building
3 Downsides to 2.4GHz RF band?
- Limited channels
- Prone to congestion & interference
- Lower max data rates than 5GHz
3 examples of wireless technologies that congest the 2.4GHz RF band?
- Wi-Fi networks
- Bluetooth
- Microwaves
Along with many others
You’ll likely need to memorize these specific examples for the exam
Downside of 5GHz RF band compared to 2.4GHz?
Worse signal penetration, giving it less signal range
What is the tradeoff with 5GHz?
Supports higher data rates at shorter ranges
Why does 5GHz have higher data rates than 2.4GHz?
Supports more individual channels & is less congested
less congestion = less interference
Nominal indoor range for Wi-Fi over 2.4GHz?
45m (150 feet)
Nominal indoor range for Wi-Fi over 5GHz?
30m (100 feet)
At what distances are clients able to connect to Wi-Fi at full speed?
This applies to both 2.4GHz & 5GHz
At 1/3 to a 1/2 of a RF’s max range
This depends on the wireless standard, building features, and interference from other radio sources.
6 IEEE 802.11 standards?
- a
- b
- g
- n
- ac (Wi-Fi 5)
- ax (Wi-Fi 6)
What RF band does 802.11a use?
5GHz
Data rate of 802.11a?
Up to 54Mbps
How many non-overlapping channels does 5GHz RF band have?
23
How wide is each channel in 5GHz RF band?
20MHz
What do regulatory requirements dictate for the use of 5GHz?
- Channels permitted for Wi-Fi & other purposes
- Power output of Wi-Fi devices operating in the band
The limites on power output may impace the range of Wi-Fi devices
Why must devices in the 5GHz RF band implement DFS?
DFS = Dynamic Frequency Selection
DFS is a mechanism & is a regulatory requirement in many countries for Wi-Fi devices operating in 5GHz & other certain RF bands
It requires Wi-Fi devices to detect & avoid using frequencies used by radar systems
This ensures Wi-Fi coexistence with critical communication systems.
When does a Wi-Fi device with DFS disable a Wi-Fi channel?
If it detects radar signals on that channel
What RF band does 802.11b use?
2.4GHz
Data rate of 802.11b?
Up to 11Mbps
How many channels does 2.4GHz RF band have?
14 channels
How are each channels in the 2.4GHz RF band spaced at?
5MHz
Meaning each channel would be 5MHz higher in frequency than the previous one (it starts from a base frequency of 2,412MHz , so the next channel would be at 2,417MHz, & so on)
What is the 2.4GHz RF band’s frequency range?
2,412-2,484MHz
Why do 802.11b channels overlap quite considerabely?
Spacing is only 5MHz & Wi-Fi needs 20MHz channel bandwidth
If you use Channel 2 (2,417MHz to 2,437MHz) in the 2.4GHz band, it overlaps with both Channel 1 (2,412MHz to 2,432MHz) and Channel 3 (2,422MHz to 2,442MHz). Interference can occur if nearby Wi-Fi networks are on Channels 1 or 3.
Which channels in the 2.4GHz RF band has the least overlap?
1, 6, & 11
These will suffer the least with interference
What 2.4GHz RF brand channels are permitted in the Americas?
1-11
What 2.4GHz RF band channels are permitted in Europe?
1-13
What 2.4GHz RF band channels are permitted in Japan?
14 (All channels)
What RF band does 802.11g use?
2.4GHz
Data rate of 802.11g?
Up to 54Mbps
What RF band does 802.11n use?
2.4GHz & 5GHz
How is each RF band in 802.11n (2.4 & 5GHz) implemented?
By 2 distinct radio transceivers
When is an AP or adapter considered “dual-band”
When it can support simultaneous 2.4GHz & 5GHz operations
Cheaper client adapters & many smartphone adapters support only a 2.4GHz radio
Which 802.11 standard introduced channel bonding?
Channel bonding allows more data to be transmitted at once, potentially increasing the overall throughput of the Wi-Fi network
802.11n
How does channel bonding in 802.11n work?
Channel bonding allows more data to be transmitted at once, potentially increasing the overall throughput of the Wi-Fi network
Combining 2 adjacent 20MHz channels into a single 40MHz channel
Which RF band is better suited for channel bonding?
5GHz
2.4GHz should not be used for channel bonding due to its restricted channel layout
Which 802.11 standard introduced MIMO?
MIMO = Multiple Input Multiple Output
802.11n
What does MIMO do?
MIMO = Multiple Input Multiple Output
Increases reliability & bandwidth by merging signal streams from 2-3 antennas
3 common MIMO notations?
- 1x1
- 2x2
- 3x3
What do MIMO notations describe?
The number of transmit & receive anteannas
1x1 means there is 1 transmit antenna & 1 receive antenna
3x3 means there are 3 transmit antennas & 3 receive antennas
Data rate of 802.11n?
Up to 72Mbps per stream or 150Mbps per stream for a 40MHz bonded channel
What naming convention is used to market 802.11n APs?
Nxxx
The N represents 802.11n
i.e. N600
What does xxx signify in the 802.11 AP naming convention?
i.e. Nxxx, ACxxx, AXxxx
Combined throughput of all radios
What does it mean if an 802.11n AP is marketed as an N600 2x2?
It can allocate a bonded channel & 2 streams for a data rate of 300Mbps
If it does this simultaneously on both its 2.4GHz & 5GHz radios, the bandwidth of the AP could be described as 600Mbps
What is 802.11n aka?
Wi-Fi 4
What is 802.11ac aka?
Wi-Fi 5
What is 802.11ax aka?
Wi-Fi 6
What RF band does 802.11ac (Wi-Fi 5) use?
5GHz
How many radios does a tri band AP have?
1 2.4GHz radio & 2 5GHz radios
How many streams does 802.11ac (Wi-Fi 5) support?
Up to 8 streams
What MIMO notation do most 802.11ac (Wi-Fi 5) APs support?
4x4 streams
(or lower). Most APs dont support the amount of streams that Wi-Fi 5 can support (Wi-Fi 5 supports up to 8 streams)
Data rate for Wi-Fi 5 (802.11ac) with a single stream over an 80MHz channel?
Up to 433Mbps
What are the bonded channel options for Wi-Fi 5?
80 & 160MHz
You can bond 2 adjacent 40MHz channels for an 80MHz channel, or 4 adjacent 40MHz channels for a 160MHz channel. However, not all devices or environments may support or benefit from 160MHz channels due to interference and compatibility issues.
What does it mean when 802.11 operations have shared bandwidth?
APs can only communicate with 1 station (device) at a time
Multiple station requests go into a queue (just like a hub)
What 802.11 standard introduced MU-MIMO?
MU-MIMO = MultiUser MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output)
802.11ac (Wi-Fi 5)
How does DL MU-MIMO partially address the problem of shared bandwidth?
DL MU-MIMO = DownLink MultiUser MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output)
Allows AP to send data to up to 4 clients simultaneously using multiple antennas
Data rate for 802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6) over an 80MHz channel?
Up to 600Mbps
What RF band does 802.11ax use?
2.4 & 5GHz
How does Wi-Fi 6e differ from Wi-Fi 6?
Adding support for 6GHz RF band
What is the tradeoff with Wi-Fi 6e’s 6GHz RF band?
Has less range but more frequency space
This makes it easier to use 80 & 160 MHz channels
How many clients can Wi-Fi 5 (802.11ac) serve simultaneously?
Up to 4
(using MU-MIMO in the downlink direction)
How many clients can Wi-Fi 6 (802.11ax) serve simultaneously?
Up to 8
Which 802.11 standard adds support for uplink MU-MIMO?
802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6)
What does uplink MU-MIMO do?
Allows MU-MIMO-capable clients to send data to the AP simultaneously
Which 802.11 standard introduced OFDMA?
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6)
Why does 802.11ax use MU-MIMO & OFDMA?
(MU-MIMO = Multiuser Multiple Input Multiple Output)
(OFDMA = Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access)
To improve client density
This means sustatining high data rates when more stations are connected to the same AP
Meaning of SSID?
Service Set Identifier
How long can SSIDs be?
32 bytes
What ASCII characters should be used for SSIDs?
- Numbers
- Letters
-
+
(Plus) -
-
(Minus) -
_
(Underscore)
These should be used to avoid compatibility issues
What happens if the same SSID is used for both RF bands in AP configuration?
The AP and client device search for the band with the strongest signal
What happens if different names are configured for both RF bands in AP configuration?
(2.4GHz & 5GHz)
User can choose which network & band to use
What is long-range fixed wireless?
Wireless technology commonly used to bridge 2 networks
How does P2P LoS fixed wireless create a direct link between 2 locations?
(P2P = Point to Point) (LoS = Line of Sight)
This is a specific type of fixed wireless communications
Using precisely aligned high-gain microwave antennas
“high-gain” means the antenna is strongly directional
What is the max range for a P2P LoS fixed wireless link?
WITHOUT OBSTRUCTION BY PHYSICAL OBJECTS!
30 miles
Where are antennas in a P2P LoS fixed wireless link typically placed?
Top of tall building/poll
This reduces the risk from obstructions
How can long-range fixed wireless be implemented?
Using licensed or unlicened frequency spectrum
What does a Licensed frequency spectrum mean?
Network operator buys exclusive RF band rights from regulator
Network operator means entity/org managing a telecom network. i.e. ISP
The US regulator is the Federal Communications Commision (FCC). If any interferense sources are discovered, the network operator has the legal right to get them shut down
What does an Unlicensed frequency spectrum mean?
Operator uses a public RF band
Network operator means entity/org managing a telecom network. i.e. ISP
What must operators adhere to when operating in unlicensed spectrum?
Regulatroy power limitations
Data rate of bluetooth?
Up to 3Mbps
Depending on Bluetooth version
What speeds can Bluetooth adapters supporting version 3 or 4 achieve?
Up to 24Mbps
How do Bluetooth adapters supporting version 3/4 achieve a 24Mbps data rate?
They can negotiate an 802.11 radio link for large file transfers
What variant did Bluetooth 4 introduce?
Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE)
What is Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) designed for?
Small low-power devices transmitting small data infrequently
i.e. Fitness trackers, smart locks, asset tracking tags, etc.
is BLE backwards compatible with “classic” Bluetooth?
BLE = Bluetooth Low Energy
No
Can a device support Bluetooth & BLE simultaneously?
BLE = Bluetooth Low Energy
Yes
Meaning of RFID?
Radio Frequency ID
What is RFID?
Means of identifying & tracking objects using encoded tags
What happens when a RFID reader scans a tag?
Tag responds with the information programmed into it
What does it mean when an RFID tag is passive?
It only responds when scanned at close range
Up to about 25m
How far can an active RFID tag be read from?
(powered)
100m (328 feet)
What type of RFID tags can be embedded in stickers/labels?
Passive RFID tags
RFID is also used to implement some types of access badge to operate electronic locks
Meaning of NFC?
Near-Field Communication
What does it mean that NFC is a P2P version of RFID?
NFC devices can function as tags & as readers
Allowing them to exchange data with other NFC-enabled devices
What are the data rates of NFC?
- 106 Kbps
- 212 Kbps
- 424 Kbps