23/3 - northern latitudes Flashcards

1
Q

Vad är det positiva att odla in sw?

A

More favourable climate for agriculture than elsewhere on the globe at similar latitudes!

Faviroble temperatures during sommer som tsm med Photoperiod much longer at higher latitudes
=> favourable for growth!

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2
Q

Vad är dåligt med att odla i sv?

A

Greater risk for frost during winter in SWE compared to central / southern Europe…

Kortare growing periods

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3
Q

Hur påverkar frezzing växter?

A

Frezing - killing plant - innehåller mycket vatten

växten måste förbereda sig - Finns plants som klarar lägre temp genom att producera socker som klarar av temp innan kristaliseras

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4
Q

Vad påverkas av den kortare growing season?

Vad kan göras åt det?

A

Short growing season - minerelisation påverkas då den blir mindre - blir viktigare att gödsla här I norr

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5
Q

Hur är temperaturen under sommaren för växter?

Vad kan vara bra med det?

A

Har bra temp för growth under sommaren - faveroble t.o.m då det inte krävs lika mycket vatten som I andra länder.

Optimal temp range 15-25grader beroende på typ av plant - lägre än I tropic

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6
Q

Main limiting factors in crop produktion in norr?

A

○ Mineral nutrients - mostly N (fertilization)

○ Frost damage - perennials, whinter annuals

○ Future climate - water, spring
- kommer regna året runt men vet ej hur utspritt det kommer va - kanske mer på vintern och då spelar det ej roll

○ Drawt (torka) kommer bli ett större problem under tidig sommar
- Finns vexter som är känsliga för detta och även en känslig period - blir problem

○ Viktigt att växten får tillräckligt med vatten på rätt stäälle och inte mer sen - vill ha drye in late summer för cerials vilket kommer kanske bli blötare I framtiden

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7
Q

Vad för nutrients behöver the plant? och varför?

A

Bra bild i pp men:

p - ATP
n - clorofyll och aa
co2 - sugar / biomassa

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8
Q

Vad är BuBisCO?

Rubisco?

A

enzyme for carbon fixation - behövs stor mängd då ineffective pga kemisk eg då det går emot thermodynamik - unlikley process som behöver katalysator behöver mycket av detta protein

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9
Q

hur hänger N och P ihop

A

Aa sätts ihop I ribosomerna och ribosomerna består av P

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10
Q

Varför är fosfolipiderna viktiga? Vilken mineral är viktig för dessa?

A

Fosfolipids - här är p oxå viktigt - bestämmer vad som går in och ut - cellmembran

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11
Q

hur mycket N vs P behöver växter?

A

behöver mer n än p

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12
Q

vad är The terrestrial N cycle

A

innebär att cykeln sker i marken

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13
Q

Hur får man reda på hur mycket näring växten behöver?

A

Analysera växten och kolla vad som finns där - ta det som hur mycket de behöver

No general differenses mellan - varför vissa skulle behöva mer än andra

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14
Q

vad är optimum?

A

”Optimum” is when all nutrients limit growth simultaneously

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15
Q

Vad är standard att växten behöver

A

All terrestrial plants require nutrients in similar proportions!

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16
Q

Why is nutrient acces important for the plant?

A

Apart from water, nutrients (especially N) are often limiting plant growth and crop yield

17
Q

Hur har gödslingen påverkat landanvändningen?

A

Ser att ökat mycket I båda - yield och anvndning av gödsling

Ökad land efficiency

18
Q

Hur få upp effectiviteten av resources?

A

Plant breeding
- Fysiologin - “utseende” - traits som I sig kommer av generna

Management changes - hur man hanterar dem - agronomin

19
Q

Why improve nutrient use efficiency?

A

Nutrients are often limiting crop yield, if no mineral fertilizationi s applied

Commercial nutrientfertilization is expensive and energy-consuming

The use of nutrient fertilizersis often associated with great environmental risks (e.g., leakage to groundwater)

20
Q

Tools to improve nutriend efficiency use

A

Agronomy (production system, management)

Physiology

Genetics (breeding)

21
Q

hur kan man beskriva effektivitet?

A

Efficiency = Output/input

Exact input often not easy to quantify at field and ecosystem scales

22
Q

vilka levels of organisation finns?

A

agrosystem
field
plant

pratar ofta om bara plantan men får inte glömma the big picture

23
Q

hur växer en väx?

A

Reshuffels resorsers in the plant
växten växer på olika ställen i olika perioder
kernel/rot/m.m

24
Q

Important processes for resource efficiency of plant factory:

A
  • Acquisition of resource - uptake
  • Internal use of resource for producing yield
  • Re-allocation of resource to units that survive the life time of the plant factory (alternative is loss of resource)
25
Q

Three basic components of nutrient use efficiency:

A
  • Efficiency of nutrient acquisition (nutrient uptake)
  • Efficiency with which the nutrientis utilized to produce yield (nutrient productivity)
  • Efficiency with which the nutrient is stored or conserved in long-living tissues (nutrient conservation) for enhancing the period in which the nutrient can be used for production (mean residence time of nutrient)
26
Q

Efficiency of nutrient acquisition
(nutrient uptake)
Hur kvantifiera/räkna?

A

⇒ Quantification in terms of soil nutrient contentsin simple output/input approaches –simple protocols but often problematic (What is plant available? Explored soil volume?) and hard to interpret functionally

⇒ Quantification in terms of plant-internal nutrient accumulationin growth analysis approaches –more extensive protocols but functionally sound

27
Q

Hur kan man se på näringseffektiviteten i själva växten

A

Efficiency with which the nutrient is stored or conserved in long-living tissues (nutrient conservation) for enhancing the period in which the nutrient can be used for production (mean residence time of nutrient)

⇒ Not considered in simple output/input approaches
⇒ Calculated in growth analysis approaches as nutrient re-translocation into perennial tissues, e.g. seed grain nutrient concentration in annual crops

28
Q

Vilka 2 olika sätt kan man se på närings effektivitet

A

• Simple net output/input ratios, relating quantities of
harvest biomass and nutrientpools to estimates of input pools. Appropriate for simple protocols e.g. with large screening populations, less appropriate for many functional considerations.

• More complex growth analysis approaches, calculating inherent relative growth rates of plant biomass and nutrientpools. Popular in ecological research, more appropriate for functional-mechanistic considerations.

29
Q

Two approaches for whole-plant NUE assessments:

A

 Mass balances between final yield, plant N pool and soilN content

Mass balances between yield and plant N pools at different points in time

30
Q

Vilken approch är rätt?

A

There is no ”right” or ”wrong” approach –the choice and success of appropriate metho-dology depends on the questions asked to solve a given problem!

31
Q

Variations in nutrient use efficiency maybe caused by:

A

• Environmental conditions (climate, soil)
• Management (e.g. plant spacing, nutrientfertilization, irrigation, harvest interval)
• Plant species and/or genotype (variety)
• Interactions among the above
(e.g. particular species may have higher nutrient uptake than another species under low but not high fertilization)

32
Q

Traits for improving NUE

A

The genetic basis of N (and P) uptake and assimilation traits is being identified rapidly in major agricultural crops, which will opent he possibility to improve N (and P) uptake efficiencies through e.g. molecular plant breeding.

  • tar upp mer: grow mer
  • requier mer fertelisering dock - ej önskvärt

The genetic basis of biomass allocation and photosynthesis traits is also being identified for major agricultural crops, but photosynthesis-improved crops are probably more remote than nutrient-uptake-improved crops.
- att mixtra med detta ligger långt bort men skulle vara bra

The genetic basis of nutrient re-translocationtraits is being unravelled, but pattern is complex and knowledge difficult to apply in terms of improved crops; partly because higher or lower re-translocation efficiency is desired depending on the end use.
- ta upp näring kräver mer energi än att flytta runt i sig själv

High N re-translocation efficiency is often desired in perennial crops, whereas low N re-translocation efficiency can be advantageous in annual crops to reduce N depletion of the cropping system (sustainability!).
Re-translocation efficiency influences also the qualityof the harvested product. Depending on desired quality, high or low re-translocation efficiency could be the goal.

33
Q

Sum

A

 Photosynthesis for C assimilation depends on nutrients (RuBISCo, chlorophyll, proteins, ATP, membranes).
 Nutrients are often limiting plant growth; nutrient fertilization is expensive and associated with environmental risks.
 Historically, increasing yields were achieved at decreasing nutrient use efficiency (nutrient fertilizer increase was greater than crop yield increase).

 Three basic components of nutrient use efficiency: Efficiency of nutrient uptake, utilization and conservation.
 Two basic approaches: Simple net output/input ratios and growth analysis approaches.
 The choice and success of appropriate methodology depends on questions asked to solve a given problem.

 Nutrient use efficiency varies depending on environment, management, plant species or genotype, and interactions among them.
 Plant traits relevant for improving nutrient use efficiency include root traits (uptake), biomass allocation and photosynthesis traits (plant-internal nutrient efficiency), and the traits affecting nutrient re-translocation to perennial plant parts (nutrient conservation).
 Nutrient use efficiency depends on the harvested product and how it is used.

34
Q

Calculate hur mycet växten tagit upp utifrån hur mycket det är I jorden - vilka hinder finns från att använda sig av detta?

A

Soil analasys - se hur mycket n finns I soil - inte helt möjligt och svårt att göra

Veta hur mycket av the nitrogen pool I jorden som är tillgängligt för växten

Vet ej hur det är med mikrober som kan binda upp n så växten ej får tag I det

Problematiskt om vill veta kapaciteten på plantan

Reduce to one plant och se hur mycket det kan accumulera - lite mer on the safe side - mäta soil n som en extern faktor

35
Q

Varför är det svårt att exakt bestämma näringen i jorden?

A

Behövs extremt många jordprovet och vavariera mycket över hela fältet - bättre att estimera