13/4 - crop breeding Flashcards

1
Q

Fakta om planeten

A

On our planet, about 30 % of area is land
• More than 50 % of land are covered by green plants
• Crops can take 30-40 % of the green area (arable land)

bara 5% arable land

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2
Q

Varför behövs mer av quantitativ?

A

pga inte har så mycket mer mark att odla på och vi blir fler

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3
Q

Vilka biofules tas upp i föreläsningen

A
  • Bioethanol (ethanol)
  • Biodiesel (fatty acid alkylesters)
  • Biogas (CH4 + CO2)
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4
Q

Why oil but not starch for biofuels

A

starchy crop: input/output = 1,3 (bioetalon)
oilcrop: input/output = 2,6 (biodisel)

Öka olja i oat med 38% - får en bättre olja crop and rape seed som går att odla i hela sverige - kvanintet

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5
Q

Varför är Nitrogen Use Efficient Wheat bra?

A

(en visst vete)

Cultivation of wheat in Europe contributes to GHG emissions
corresponding to 34 million tone CO2-equivalents
Field trials have shown that nitrogen usage can be reduced by half
in a Nitrogen Use Efficient Wheat – with a sustained yield
This corresponds to a reduction of GHG-emissions by 17 million
tone CO2-equivalents or 5 million cars
Which is equivalent to the CO2 emissions from all road traffic
in Sweden 2012

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6
Q

Varför ändra så bättre kvalite?

A

To get better life and economic benefits

and improve our environment!

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7
Q

vad bestämmer kvalitet och kvantitet

A

gener
enviromental factors
management

To change the genetic materials:
Traditional breeding and
Molecular breeding

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8
Q

Vad göt tf?

A

Transkription factor
Transcription factors are important in determining the quantity and quality
production

Transcription factors
control up &
down regulation of
several steps

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9
Q

Vad är en TF - charakteristiska

A

Having a nuclear location signal sequence that directs
the protein to nuclei

Can regulate many other genes in a pathway or pathways

Having DNA-binding domain (s)
Having a sequnece interacting with other proteins

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10
Q

Vad är yin.yang systemet

A

där 2 transkriptionsfaktor är inkluderade där en har negativ effekt och den andra posetiv effekt där de båda även påverkar uttrycken av varandra

Tar man bort den negativa feed backen får man en större panicle

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11
Q

How to manipulate the quantity and quality

production

A

cross breeding

GMO

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12
Q

How a biotech plant is produced

A

agrobacterium - baccterium mixed with plant cells, plasmid moves into plant cell and inserd DNA into plant cromosome

gene gun - gold particles coated with DNA, cell shot with gene gun and DNA incoperates into plant cell cromosome - dyr

Screenin for cells with transgene
transformed cells selected with selectable marker
transgenic plant regenerated from single transformed cell

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13
Q

CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing

Vad är

A

CRISPR (Clustered regularly-interspaced short palindromic repeats)/
Cas9 (CRISPR-associated protein-9 nuclease)

Kan användas för att öka genuttryck

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14
Q

Vilka bakterier kan användas till agrobacterium?

A

Agrobacterium tumefaciens

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15
Q

Examples in molecular breeding

A

”Golden rice”

Bt rice - Bacillus thuringienesis - insekt resistance - ok för oss om ej allergi

Low methane rice-”SUSIBA2 rice” - släpper ut mindre

A single gene (barley AlaAT) reduces
over 50% of N fertilizer usage in rice - jinjang

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16
Q

The impact of gene technology in agriculture

exempel

A
Insect-resistant!
Virus-resistant!
Fungus- and bacterium-resistant!
Starch!
Biofuel!
Heat stress – the global warming!
Drought stress – the global warming!
Starch and carbohydrates – Healthy and
functional food
Starch content! – source-sink partioning!
17
Q

The impact of gene technology in agriculture - stora hela

A

 It is a powerful tool with high impacts (efficient, straight forward and specific)
 It can overcome drawbacks of most of the traditional methods
 It can meet our future challenge
- Increase food production
- Provide biofuels
- Improve our health
- Protect our environment

18
Q

Vad för kvalite ser vi till i våra crops?

A

Va näringsrik
Ser till composotionen
Varierar mellan crop och trender - low fat/hög protein m.m och vad ska ha den till
2 grupper: food/no food - kräver olika stuff

19
Q

DF vid fermentation tex öl (ej viktigt)

A

DF - vill ha lågt I alkoholproduktion - blir problematiskt vid fermation

20
Q

Vad bestämmer kvalite o kvantitet

A

Beror på situation / vad man vill ha ut

21
Q

Vad är en promotor

A

en promotor är den sekvens av baspar framför en gen som reglerar genens uttryck genom att olika typer av genregulatoriska proteiner binder till sekvensen.

22
Q

Varför ta fram växter genom vanlig breeding då redan finns som gmo?

A

i allmänhet gillar inte folk gmo så är för att öka acceptansen

23
Q

Vad vill man helst göra: öka eller minska gener för att nå ett mål?

A

Det är enklare att tysta en gen än att öka uttrycket