2.3 Flashcards
How can carbon atoms form chains that are almost unlimited in length?
Because they can bond with one another
How many valence electrons does carbon have?
4
What kind of carbon-carbon bonds are there?
Single, double, triple
Organic compounds in living cells that are so large
Macromolecules
How are macromolecules formed?
Thru the process known as polymerization
Large compounds are made by building smaller ones together is known as?
Polymerization
Make up polymers; single smaller unit
Monomers
Made up of monomers; many
Polymers
Can monomers be the same or different?
Both
The four major groups found in living things
Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids
How do biochemists sort macromolecules?
By their chemical composition
Compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; mainly used as the main source of energy; some plants and animals use these for structural purposes
Carbohydrates
Example of complex carb
Starch
Example of single sugar
Glucose
Single sugar molecules
Monosaccharide
A compound made by joining two simple sugars together
Disaccharide
Large Macromolecules formed from monosaccharides
Polysaccharide
Stored excess sugar
Glycogen
More than 3+ sugars
Complex carb
What makes up a monosaccharides?
Glucose, and galactose
Ordinary table sugar is known as what?
Sucrose
What makes up sucrose?
Glucose and fructose
What kind of compound is sucrose?
Disaccharide
Where is glycogen stored?
In polysaccharides
What does stored glycogen do for the body?
Provides muscles contraction and movement
The polysaccharide animals use for excess sugar
Starch
A large and varied group biological molecules that are generally not soluble in water; made mostly from carbon and hydrogen
Lipids
What are the common categories of lipids?
Fats, oils, and waxes
What are lipids used for?
To store energy; important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings
How are most lipids formed?
When glycerol and fatty acids join together
When a fatty acid has a carbon double bond it is consider what?
An unsaturated fat
What unsaturated fats have more than 1 double bond it is considered what?
Polyunsaturated
What are saturated fats at room temperature?
Solid
What are unsaturated fats at room temperate?
Liquid
Macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus
Nucleic acids
The individual monomers that make up nucleic acids
Nucleotides
The three parts of nucleotides
A 5 carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
How are nucleic acids formed?
By nucleotides joined by covalent bonds
What do nucleic acids do for the body?
Store and transmit genetics
What types of nucleic acids are there?
Ribonucleic, and deoxyribonucleic
What does ribonucleic acid contain?
The sugar ribose
What does deoxyribonucleic acid contain?
The sugar deoxyribose
How are proteins made?
From one or more polypeptides
Macromolecules that contain nitrogen,carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Proteins
What are proteins made up of?
Amino acids
What are amino acids?
Compounds with an amino group on one end and a carboxyl group on the other end
What are the bonds called that link amino acids together?
Peptide bonds
What are many amino acids linked together called?
Polypeptide
What do proteins do?
Control rate of reactions and regulate cell processes; others form important cellular structures
What determines an amino acids chemical properties?
The R group
The sequence of amino acids is the what structure of a protein?
Primary structure
The coiling or folding of an amino acid is what structure?
Secondary
The complete three dimensional arrangement of a polypeptide chain is what structure?
Tertiary
