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Honors Biology > 2.3 > Flashcards

2.3 Flashcards

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0
Q

How can carbon atoms form chains that are almost unlimited in length?

A

Because they can bond with one another

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1
Q

How many valence electrons does carbon have?

A

4

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2
Q

What kind of carbon-carbon bonds are there?

A

Single, double, triple

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3
Q

Organic compounds in living cells that are so large

A

Macromolecules

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4
Q

How are macromolecules formed?

A

Thru the process known as polymerization

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5
Q

Large compounds are made by building smaller ones together is known as?

A

Polymerization

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6
Q

Make up polymers; single smaller unit

A

Monomers

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7
Q

Made up of monomers; many

A

Polymers

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8
Q

Can monomers be the same or different?

A

Both

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9
Q

The four major groups found in living things

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids

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10
Q

How do biochemists sort macromolecules?

A

By their chemical composition

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11
Q

Compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; mainly used as the main source of energy; some plants and animals use these for structural purposes

A

Carbohydrates

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12
Q

Example of complex carb

A

Starch

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13
Q

Example of single sugar

A

Glucose

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14
Q

Single sugar molecules

A

Monosaccharide

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15
Q

A compound made by joining two simple sugars together

A

Disaccharide

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16
Q

Large Macromolecules formed from monosaccharides

A

Polysaccharide

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17
Q

Stored excess sugar

A

Glycogen

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18
Q

More than 3+ sugars

A

Complex carb

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19
Q

What makes up a monosaccharides?

A

Glucose, and galactose

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20
Q

Ordinary table sugar is known as what?

A

Sucrose

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21
Q

What makes up sucrose?

A

Glucose and fructose

22
Q

What kind of compound is sucrose?

A

Disaccharide

23
Q

Where is glycogen stored?

A

In polysaccharides

24
Q

What does stored glycogen do for the body?

A

Provides muscles contraction and movement

25
Q

The polysaccharide animals use for excess sugar

A

Starch

26
Q

A large and varied group biological molecules that are generally not soluble in water; made mostly from carbon and hydrogen

A

Lipids

27
Q

What are the common categories of lipids?

A

Fats, oils, and waxes

28
Q

What are lipids used for?

A

To store energy; important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings

29
Q

How are most lipids formed?

A

When glycerol and fatty acids join together

30
Q

When a fatty acid has a carbon double bond it is consider what?

A

An unsaturated fat

31
Q

What unsaturated fats have more than 1 double bond it is considered what?

A

Polyunsaturated

32
Q

What are saturated fats at room temperature?

A

Solid

33
Q

What are unsaturated fats at room temperate?

A

Liquid

34
Q

Macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus

A

Nucleic acids

35
Q

The individual monomers that make up nucleic acids

A

Nucleotides

36
Q

The three parts of nucleotides

A

A 5 carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

37
Q

How are nucleic acids formed?

A

By nucleotides joined by covalent bonds

38
Q

What do nucleic acids do for the body?

A

Store and transmit genetics

39
Q

What types of nucleic acids are there?

A

Ribonucleic, and deoxyribonucleic

40
Q

What does ribonucleic acid contain?

A

The sugar ribose

41
Q

What does deoxyribonucleic acid contain?

A

The sugar deoxyribose

42
Q

How are proteins made?

A

From one or more polypeptides

43
Q

Macromolecules that contain nitrogen,carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

A

Proteins

44
Q

What are proteins made up of?

A

Amino acids

45
Q

What are amino acids?

A

Compounds with an amino group on one end and a carboxyl group on the other end

46
Q

What are the bonds called that link amino acids together?

A

Peptide bonds

47
Q

What are many amino acids linked together called?

A

Polypeptide

48
Q

What do proteins do?

A

Control rate of reactions and regulate cell processes; others form important cellular structures

49
Q

What determines an amino acids chemical properties?

A

The R group

50
Q

The sequence of amino acids is the what structure of a protein?

A

Primary structure

51
Q

The coiling or folding of an amino acid is what structure?

A

Secondary

52
Q

The complete three dimensional arrangement of a polypeptide chain is what structure?

A

Tertiary

Honors Biology (14 decks)

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