2.3

Question 1

Cancer is a

Answer 1

mass of abnormal cells that usually grow rapidly, invading surrounding tissues

Question 2

(Cancer) some cells break off and spread elsewhere in the body forming secondary tumours or…

Answer 2

metastases

Question 3

Genes called proto-oncogenes code for receptor proteins in a …

Answer 3

cell membrane or protein growth factors

Question 4

Proto-oncogenes may mutate to form

Answer 4

oncogenes

Question 5

oncogenes may produce receptor proteins that

Answer 5

do not need growth factors to stimulate them, or they may produce unlimited amounts of growth factors

Question 6

Cells also contain tumour suppressor genes that

Answer 6

slow down cell division and cause cells with damaged DNA to die

Question 7

Mutations in tumour suppressor genes may result in cells with damaged DNA

Answer 7

replicating rapidly

Question 8

Older people are more likely to develop cancer because they have had more years of exposure to…

Answer 8

environmental factors that cause damage to DNA

Question 9

Several mutation in proto-oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes are normally necessary before cancer develops. Older people have had more chance to

Answer 9

accumulate this damage to their DNA

Question 10

(Prostate cancer) most common cancer of men in

Answer 10

UK

Question 11

(Prostate cancer) prostate gland is a gland about the size of a walnut that lies just below the urinary bladder and surrounds the

Answer 11

upper part of the urethra

Question 12

(Prostate cancer) The gland often enlarges as men get oder, making the urethra narrower so it is more difficult for them to pass urine. This is called

Answer 12

Benign Prostate Hyperplasia (BPH)

Question 13

(Prostate cancer) BPH can be treated by surgically removing some of the prostate gland, making it easier for

Answer 13

urine to pass

Question 14

(Prostate cancer) Prostate sometimes enlarges due to

Answer 14

prostate cancer

Question 15

(Prostate cancer) Prostate cancer symptoms are similar to those for BPH :

Answer 15

difficult to pass urine
frequent urination
difficult to get a strong flow

Question 16

(Prostate cancer) Often prostate cancer grows very slowly so there may be

Answer 16

no need to treat the disease

Question 17

(Prostate cancer) Very few cases found in men under age of

Answer 17

50

Question 18

(Prostate cancer) Estimated that 15-30% of men over 50 have some

Answer 18

evidence

Question 19

(Prostate cancer) 60-70% of men over

Answer 19

80

Question 20

(Prostate cancer)only 4% of men

Answer 20

die from prostate cancer

Question 21

(Prostate cancer) men are more likely to die of some other cause before the prostate cancer kills them. If the cancer is slow-growing then it may be better not to treat it as surgery could cause damage to the

Answer 21

urethra
rectum
nerve supply to the bladder/penis

Question 22

(Prostate cancer)One way to detect is to screen men for:

Answer 22

prostate specific antigen (PSA)

Question 23

(Prostate cancer) PSA tests uses monoclonal antibodies - not offered routinely in UK as it could cause anxiety in a man who is otherwise well, and whose cancer may be

Answer 23

very slow-growing

Question 24

(Breast cancer) is now the most common cancer in the

Answer 24

UK

Question 25

(Breast cancer) is strongly related to age. More than 80% of cases occur in women over age of 50 with highest incidence being in the

Answer 25

50-64 age group

Question 26

(Breast cancer) genetic factors play a part because women with a mother, sister or daughter diagnosed with breast cancer have an

Answer 26

80% higher risk of developing breast cancer themselves

Question 27

(Breast cancer) 5 factors that seem to increase the risk of developing breast cancer:

Answer 27

• Obesity
• using hormone replacement therapy for 5 years or longer
• using oral contraceptives
• a sedentary lifestyle
• consuming alcohol

Question 28

(Breast cancer) women who have smaller families, do not breast feed and delay childbearing until they are older also appear to have an

Answer 28

Increased risk

Question 29

(Breast cancer) screening is offered to all women aged 50-70 on the NHS and consists of a breast x-ray called a

Answer 29

Mammogram

Question 30

(Breast cancer) screening is offered every

Answer 30

3 years

Question 31

(Breast cancer) a tumour shows up as a

Answer 31

Dense patch

Question 32

(Breast cancer) a dense area of tissue may be detected that is not cancer - mammogram shows concern= further tests.
Younger women, unless they are at a high risk of developing breast cancer, are not screened. A reason for this is that it is

Answer 32

Harder to spot a tumour in the breast tissue of a woman who has not yet reached the menopause