22nd November Cards Flashcards
What are the characteristic findings for a hydrocele on scrotal examination?
✓ Transillumination
✓ Palpation can get above the swelling
✓ Testis is palpable
What is the most common cause of scrotal swelling in primary care?
Epididymal cysts
What conditions are associated with epididymal cysts?
✓ Cystic fibrosis
✓ Polycystic kidney disease
What is the usual location of an epididymal cyst?
Posterior to the testes
What is the usual location of hydroceles?
Anterior and below the testicle
At what age is repair of infantile hydrocele indicated?
1-2 years
What is a varicocele?
Abnormal enlargement of testicular veins
What is the diagnostic modality for varicocele?
Ultrasound with Doppler studies
What is the referral timeline (to ENT) for sudden onset sensorineural hearing loss?
Within 24 hours
What is normal Weber test?
Sound heard equally loud in both ears
Is Weber test useful in symmetrical hearing loss?
No. Both ears will hear the sound equally as loud
What is Weber test finding in asymmetrical hearing loss?
Sound is heard louder in one ear versus the other
Which of the PUD types is commoner?
Duodenal ulcer
Which of the PUD types has epigastric pain relieved by eating?
Duodenal ulcers
Which of the PUD types has epigastric pain worsened by eating?
Gastric ulcers
What are the common causes of acute pancreatitis?
Alcohol
Gallstones
What is the pathology in Budd-Chiari syndrome?
Hepatic vein outflow obstruction 2° hepatic vein thrombosis or stenoses
What drugs are notable for increased risk of gall stones?
COCP
What is the key management for gallstones?
Elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy
What is the most important risk factor for bladder cancer?
Smoking
What are the ‘T’ and ‘P’ wave characteristics in hyperkalemia?
✓ Tall tented T waves
✓ Flattened P waves
What is the first treatment in the setting for hyperkalemia?
Calcium gluconate (to stabilise cardiac membrane)
Does calcium gluconate help to reduce serum potassium levels?
No. Calcium gluconate does not affect serum potassium levels
What is a feared side effect of ACE inhibitors?
Hyperkalemia
What is the treatment for hemodynamically unstable ventricular or supraventricular arrhythmias?
Synchronized cardioversion
Should patients on sulphonylurea take or omit their drugs on day of surgery?
Omit for the whole day is once daily drug
Omit only morning dose if bd
Which of the oral hypoglycemics require no adjustments on day of surgery?
DPP IV inhibitors (-gliptins)
GLP-1 analogues (-tides)
Which insulin type requires dose reduction by 20% on day before and day of surgery?
Once daily insulins (lantus, levemer)
What is the first line investigation (following elevated PSA) for suspected prostate cancer?
Multiparametric MRI
What is the Likert scale indication value for prostate biopsy?
> = 3
